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WORKS OF H. G. RICHEY 

PUBLISHED BY 

JOHN WILEY & SONS 

43-45 EAST 19 th STREET, NEW YORK 


A Handbook for Superintendents of Construction, 
Architects, Builders, and Building Inspectors. 

i6mo v +742 pages, 357 figures. Morocco, $4.00. 

The Building Mechanics’ Ready Reference. 

Carpenters and Woodworkers’ Edition. 
i6mo, vi + 226 pages, 118 figures. Morocco, $1.50, net. 

IN PREPARATION 
Stone and Brick Masons’ Edition. 

Cement Workers and Plasterers’ Edition. 
Plumbers, SteAm-fitters, and Tinners’ Edition. 

The Building Foreman’s Pocket Book and Ready 
Reference. 

Published by W. T. COMSTOCK 

23 WARREN STREET, - NEW YORK 

Richey’s Guide and Assistant for Carpenters and 
Mechanics. 

177 pages, 201 figures. Cloth, $2.00. 





THE BUILDING MECHANICS’ 
BEADY BEEEBENCE 

CARPENTERS AND WOODWORKERS’ EDITION 


BY 

H. G. RICHEY 

u 

Superintendent of Construction U. S. Public Buildings 
Author of “ Richey's Guide and Assistant for Carpenters and. Mechanics 
“A Handbook for Superintendents of Construction, Architects , 
Builders, and Building Inspectors 
The Building Mechanics ' 1 Ready Reference Books: 

Stone and Brick Masons ' 1 Edition, 

Cement Workers and Plasterers' Edition , 

Plumbers, Steam-fitters, and Tinners' Edition; 

The Building Foreman's Pocket Book and Ready Reference 


FIRST EDITION 

FIRST THOUSAND 



•D 

o 3 i 


NEW YORK 

JOHN WILEY & SONS 
London : CHAPMAN & HALL, Limited 
1906 



U6RARY of CONQRESS 
TwoQouie* Received 

SEP 2& 1906 

Qooinftflt fcntry 

, w '<r» t 

Jr m, 

1 copf i 


n QOl?i 

OkAfS 



Copyright, 1006 

BY 

H. G. RICHEY 



ROBERT DRUMMOND, PRINTER, NEW YORK 



PREFACE. 


i 

This little volume ?is intended by the author to be just what 
its title implies, a ready-reference manual for the use of the 
carpenter and wood-worker: a book that he can refer to at any 
time to refresh his memory, or. to assist him in any branch of 
his work. No complicated diagrams are given, but all illustra¬ 
tions are made plain and simple, and with as few lines as pos¬ 
sible. A large amount of the information contained in the book 
has been reduced so far as possible to tables, whereby the 
mechanic can at a glance find what he wishes to know and which 
will expedite his work. 

In this progressive age, building processes, in common with 
everything else, have been so condensed that all antiquated 
and roundabout methods are naturally forced aside, and it is 
the man who travels the shortest road that wins the race. 

Hence in preparing this work the author has endeavored to 
place all his information in tabular form so far as possible, so 
that the mechanic using the book will be able to make “ short 
cuts” in performing his work, and thus outstrip the man who 
is still using old and obsolete methods. 

The author will be pleased to hear from any reader regard- 
big any error, typographical or otherwise, found in this work, 
or any idea or suggestion that may be useful in a future edi¬ 
tion; address the author, care of the publishers. 

H. G. Richey. 
































CONTENTS. 


PART I. 

PAGE 

Short Methods of Laying Out Work. 1 

Roof Framing. 1 

Laying Out Arches, etc. 12 

Names of Parts of Columns, Entablature, etc. 23 

PART II. 

Time-saving Tables. 25 

Tables of Lengths, etc., of Rafters. 26 

Tables of Cuts, etc., of Rafters... 37 

Tables of Treads and Rises. 41 

Excavation Tables, giving Contents, etc. 51 

Miscellaneous Tables. 57 

PART III. 

Short Cuts and Useful Problems for Every-day Use. 60 

Shingling Hips and Valleys. 68 

Explanation of the Steel Square. 75 

Day’s Work for Carpenter, etc. 78 

PART IV. 

Board and Timber Measure. , . ..-.. 81 

Tables of Strength, etc., of Joist. 87 

Strength of Wooden Beams, Posts, etc. 100 

Strength of Cast-iron Columns.. 103 

Strength of Steel Beams, Channels, etc. 105 

Y 






















VI 


CONTENTS 


PART V. 

Strength of Various Materials Used in Construction. Ill 

Weight of Various Substances and Materials. Ill 

Working Strength of Building Materials. 131 

Capacity of Tanks and Cisterns. 135 

Miscellaneous Data. 137 


PART VI. 

Various Hints and Receipts. 152 

Rules for Painting. 168 

Various Mensuration Tables. 177 

A Few Problems for the Noon-hour. 198 

Wage-tables, etc. .. 205 












PART I. 


SHORT METHODS OF LAYING OUT WORK. 


Laying Out Work, etc. —To Approximate the Number 
of Squares in a Roof. —If J pitch, find the floor surface and 
multiply by 1J; if J pitch, multiply by 1J; if £ pitch, multiply 
by 1|, etc. 

Example .—Find the number of squares in a roof 30X40 feet, 
| pitch: 30X40 = 1200; 1200X 1| = 1800, or 18 squares. 

The Length of Rafters for the Most Common Pitches 



may be found as follows: 

One-quarter pitch, multiply the 
span by 0.559; i pitch, multiply the 
span by 0.6; f pitch, multiply the 
span by 0.625; $ pitch, multiply 
the span by 0.71; f pitch, multiply 
the span by 0.8; Gothic or full 
pitch, multiply by 1.12. 

Backing of Hip-rafters.— 

Draw 1 2 and 2 3, Fig. 1, to repre¬ 
sent the plates of the building, then 
the seat of the hip, as 2 4; then the 2 
hip, as 2 5. Take any point of the Fig. 1. 

hip, as c, and draw a line at right 

angles to 2 5 until it strikes the seat, 2 4; then continue the line 
at right angles to the seat, or 2 4, until it strikes the plate, as 
point d ; then, with a as centre and ac as radius, strike an arc 
bisecting 2 4 at 6; then draw line from b to 
point d on the plate; then the bevel at b is 
the bevel for backing the hip. Fig. 2 shows 
application. 

To Find the Bevel for Backing the Hip- 
rafters for an Octagon Roof.— Draw the plate 
as ade, Fig. 3, then draw the common rafter, as ab; then the seat 
and full size of hip, as df ; then draw line from 5 to 6; then, with 
d as centre and dl as radius, describe arc 1 2; then draw line from 2 
parallel to ad to point 3, and continue parallel to ab. Then lay off 



Fig. 2. 








2 


LAYING OUT WORK, ETC. 


the thickness of the rafter on 3 4, and draw the bevel lines as 
shown. This rule applies to any roof. 

To Find the Bevel for Backing Hip-rafters. —Take the 
length of the hip on the blade of the square and the rise of the 
roof on the tongue and the tongue will give the desired bevel. 




To Get the Bevels to Mitre Purlins when the Purlin 
sets Square with the Rafters. —Draw ace, representing the 
slope of the roof, Fig. 4; then continue ce, making it equal in 
length to ac, as de; connect a and d, thus finding the bevel for 
the top or face of purlins, as shown at a. Now drop the perpen¬ 
dicular from e indefinitely; then draw a line from a at right 
angles to ac until it strikes the perpendicular at /. Make ag 
on ac equal to ae ; connect g and /, and the bevel at g will be 
the bevel for the side of the purlin. 

To Find the Lengths and Bevels of Hip- and Cripple- 
rafters. —Draw the plates as ab and' be, Fig. 5, then the 
seat of the hip, as bd, then the seats of the cripples, as 1 1 , 2 2, 
3 3, etc.; then draw the rise of the common rafter, as de, then e 
to 1 is the length of the common rafters; then draw the rise of 
the hip, as df, then fb is the length of the hip; then continue 
the seat of the common rafter until it equals the length of the 
rafter as 1 g; then draw gb, which is equal to the length of the 
hip, then continue the seats of the cripples until they strike the 
hip, gb, which 'gives the lengths of the cripples, also the top 
bevel, which is shown at h; then draw line from g parallel to 








LAYING OUT WORK, ETC. 


3 


de , which gives the top bevel of the hip as shown at g, but the bevel 
must not be used until after the hip has been backed. The length 


e 



Fig. 5. 

of the cripples are shown by the lines 2 6, 3 7, 4 8, etc. The bevel 
at b is the bevel of the foot of the hip; the one, at the top is 
shown at /. The bevel of the foot of the common and cripple 
rafters is shown at e. The top bevel of cripple is shown at h. 

To Find the Bevels to Cut Sheathing for a Roof. —Draw 
level line, as ab , Fig. 6, then draw cb, showing the pitch of the 
roof; then from any point on this line let fall a perpendicular, 
as dg ; then let fall a perpendicular from b, as bf. Now, with d 
as centre and db as radius, strike an arc intersecting ab at e j 



"V 



now, from the intersection of the perpendicular line, dg, pro¬ 
duced at j, draw line parallel to ab, intersecting perpendicular, 
bf; now from this point draw a line to d, thus giving the bevel 
for the face of the board. Then, with g as centre and gh as radius, 
strike an arc at i ; then draw a line from i to e } thus giving the 
bevel for the edge of the boards. 


















4 


LAYING OUT WORK, ETC. 


To Lay Out a Rake Moulding to Join the Moulding on 
the Square Set on a Plumb Facia. —Mark out the square 
moulding, as a , with be as the facia, Fig. 7; then draw lines 
at right angles to the facia, joining all the breaks in the mould¬ 
ing, as 1, 2, 3, 4, etc.; then draw lines from these points on the 
moulding with the rake of the roof, as 1 1, 2 2, 3 3, etc., and 
draw a line at right angles to these, as 1 7 at d; make line 1 1 at 
d the same length as 1 1 at a and 2 2 at d same as at a, etc.; 
then join these points as shown, thus giving the profile of the 
rake moulding. 

To Reduce a Square Stick to an Octagon. —Place the blade 
of the square on the stick in the position shown in Fig. 8, and 



Fig . 8. 

7 and 17 on the blade will give the chamfer lines, as shown. 

To Lay Out Perpendicular Sheathing for a Dome Roof. 
—Draw the spring of the roof, as adb, Fig. 9, and divide it in 

half by cd ; then divide db 
into equal parts (as many as 
desired), and from these points 
let fall perpendiculars to the 
base line cb\ then with c as 
centre, continue these lines as 
semicircles, as shown by the 
dotted lines; then continue 
the line dc indefinitely; now 
on the outside of the circle lay 
off the width desired for the 
boards at the base, as 5 5, and 
draw a line from this point to 
c, as c5; this shows the ground 
plan and width of the board 
at the several different points. 
Now on the indefinite line 
make 5 11 equal to db on the 
circle; this is the length of the 
board. Then divide this line 
into as many equal parts as the 
circle of the roof and make 6 6 equal to 11, 7 7 equal to 2 2, 
















LAYING OUT WORK, ETC. 


5 


8 8 equal to 3 3, etc.; now connect 5 6, 6 7, etc., which gives 
the pattern of the sheathing boards. 

The same rule applies to any shape roof having a circular base. 

To Lay Out Horizontal Sheathing for a Dome Roof.— 
Draw the roof as shown by abc, Fig. 10, and divide it in half 
by a perpendicular line, which 
continue up indefinitely; then 
divide ab into as many spaces 
as you desire boards, as 1, 2, 

3, etc. Then draw a line from 
o, striking point 1, and continue 
until it bisects the perpen¬ 
dicular, which is the centre, 
and this point and a and this 
point and 1 are the radii for 
the first board; then draw a 
line from 1 through 2 and con¬ 
tinue to the perpendicular, thus 
giving the centre and radius 
for second board; then draw 
the line 2 6 and repeat the operation, etc. 

This rule applies to any shape roof of a circular base. 

To Get the Length and Cut of Cripple-rafters in a 
Curve Roof. —Draw the plates, as ab and be, Fig. 11, and the 
seat of the hip, as ac. Now draw the rise and profile of the 
common rafter, as ce and eb; lay off the seats of the cripples, as 




12, 3 4, etc., making 1 3 the thickness of the cripple rafter. 
Now continue these lines from where they strike the seat of the 
hip parallel to ab until they strike the profile of the common 
rafter; then 64 will be the length of the cripple, 4 will be the 


















6 


LAYING OUT WORK, ETC. 


long length and 2 the short length, or 4 will be the line of the 
cut on one side and 2 the line of the cut on the other side. 

To Get the Cut of Braces where Their Diagonal is 
Plumb when in Position. —(As shown in Fig. 12.) Take 
the run of the brace (in feet) multiplied by 0.70711, on the blade 
of the square and the rise on the tongue (in inches), and the angle 
formed by a line drawn between these two points and the blade 
of the square is the bevel to cut the brace, applied on all four 
sides. 


— A 

4.24 4 - 

Fig. 13. 

Example .—Find the cut of a brace 6 feet run and 6 feet 
rise. The run, 6 feet, by 0.70711 =4.24266. Now draw a line 
from 4.24+ on the blade to 6 on the tongue, and the bevel on 
the blade is the bevel to cut the brace, as shown in Fig. 13. 
For the cut on top end of brace multiply the rise by 0.70711 and 
proceed as above. 

To Lay Out the Plancher for a Conical Roof.—T he 
following diagram, Fig. 14, will show how to lay out the plancher 
for a conical roof: a and b is the radius for the plancher, and 
ed, which is drawn at right angles to the rafter until it strikes 
the centre line, ad, is the radius for the facia, if it is put on 
square to the rafter. 

To Find the Profile of Hip- and Valley-rafters for 
Concave or Convex Roofs. —In Fig. 15, bode represents 
a quarter section of the floor plan; be is the seat of the com¬ 
mon rafter and ce is the seat of the hip. Now draw the profile 
of the common rafter, as ac ; then divide the base, be, into 
any number of spaces, 1, 2, 3, etc., and through these spaces 
draw lines at right angles to be, continuing then to the 
profile of the common rafter, ac, and the seat of the hip, 
ec; then from these intersections on the seat of the hip con¬ 
tinue the lines at right angles to the seat of the hip. 
making the line 1 1 on the hip equal to 1 1 on the common 









LAYING OUT WORK, ETC. 


7 


rafter, and 2 2 on the hip equal to 2 2 on the common rafter, 
3 3 equal to 3 3, etc The points thus found by these lines 
are points on the profile of the hip; connect cl, 1 2, etc., as 
shown, thus giving profile of hip. 

To Lay Out the Joints in an Ellip¬ 
tic Arctu —Draw the arch abc, Fig. 16, 
and divide the curve into equal spaces, 
as 1, 2, 3, etc., making as many spaces 
as joints required in the arch; draw lines 
from the foci dd to the points on the 
curve and bisect the angle thus formed, 
as shown. The lines bisecting this angle 
are the lines of the joints. Repeat the 
operation for each joint. 

To Lay Off an Octagon Bay when 
the Length'of One Side is Given.—- 
First draw a line to represent the side 
of the house, as ab, Fig. 17; then with 
the trammel set the length of the side, 
place the foot at a and find point d ; make 
the distance from d to c five-twelfths of 
ad) then, with the foot of the compasses 
at c, find point b) with the foot at b, 
strike the arc cf ; with the foot at d, find 
point 1; with the foot at a, strike the arc 
de; with the foot at c, find point 2; 
then connect de, ef, and fb. 

To Lay Out a Hexagon Bay Window 
when the Length of» One Side is 
Given. —Draw the line ac as side of the 
house, Fig. 18; then, with a as centre 
and the given side as radius, strike arc db; then, with b as 



centre, find point c; then, with c as centre, strike arc eb ; now with 
b as centre, strike semicircle adec ; now connect ad, de, and ec. 
























8 


LAYING OUT WORK, ETC. 


To find the side of an octagon bay when the length on the 
house is given: Divide the distance on the house by 2 B A2, and 
the answer will be the length of the side. 



To find the distance on the house when the side is given: 
Multiply the side by 2 5 /4 2 , and the answer will be the diameter 
of the octagon. 

To Strike an Ogee for a Bracket. —Lay off the width 
and length of the bracket, as ac and ab, Fig. 19; then draw 
the line shown at the back of bracket an inch, or more if desired, 
from the edge of board; then draw the diagonal cd ; then divide 



cd into two equal parts at 3; then, with 3 as centre and 3c as 
radius, strike arc at 1; then, with c as centre and same radius, 
strike arc intersecting at 1; then, with 1 as centre, strike arc 
c3; then, with 3 d as centre, strike arcs intersecting at 2; then, 
with 2 as centre, strike arc 3d. 

Another Way to Lay off a Bracket.— With Jg as edge 
of board and fb as end or top of bracket, Fig. 20, draw the 
dotted line, as shown; then draw the diagonal ab and divide 
it into two equal parts at e; then, with eb as centres and eh as 
radius, strike arcs intersecting at c; then, with same radius 
and c as centre, strike arc be; then, with same radius and ae as 











LAYING OUT WORK, ETC. 9 

centres, strike arcs intersecting at d; then, with d as centre, strike 
arc ea. 



Fig. 21. 


a 



Fig. 22. 


To Lay Out the Ventilating Hole of a Privy Door. —bac 
represents the top edge of the door, Fig. 21; with a as centre 
and the desired radius, draw the semicircle 6 12c; now, with 
be as radius and 6 and c as centres, draw arcs intersecting at 
e; then, with same radius and a as centre, draw arcs at d and /; 
now, with ac as radius and e as centre, draw arcs intersecting 
these at d and /, and with same radius and these intersections 
as centres, draw the arcs le and 2e. 

To Lay Out a Privy Seat. —Draw two lines at right 
angles to each other, as 2 4 and 3 8, Fig. 22; make 2 4 about 



8 inches long; with 1 as centre and 1 4 as radius, draw a circle; 
now draw lines from 2 and 4 through 7; then, with 2 4 as radius 
and 2 4 as centre, draw the arcs 4 G and 2 5; now, with 7 as 
centre and 7 6 as radius, draw the arc 5 6, completing the 
oval; now find the centre of the line 3 8, as 9, and with this 










10 


LAYING OUT WORK, ETC. 


point as centre and 2 7 as radius, draw the circle aaaa ; saw 
out to the oval line and round off to the circle. 

To Lay Out a Hole in a Roof for a Stovepipe or Flag¬ 
staff. —Draw a section of the pipe or staff, as c, and lay off the 
slope of the roof, as ab, and the run as db, Fig. 23; now, with 
ab and db as axis, draw an ellipse, as shown at Fig. 24, which 
will be the shape and size of the hole. 

Fig. 25 shows a diagram to obtain cuts or degrees on a square; 



for instance, if angle of 30° is desired 7 and 12 on the square 
will give it. 

To Mitre a Circle and Straight Moulding. —Draw a 
full-size plan of the two mouldings, as shown in Fig. 26; draw 
abc, as shown, in the centre of the space between the two 
outside lines; connect d and b and b and e; bisect db and 
be and draw lines at right angles to them to meet at /; then 
fd is the radius of the mitre joint. 

To Find Mitres on the Steel Square. —12x12 equals 
square mitre; 7X4 equals triangle mitre; 13fXlO equals 















LAYING OUT WORK, ETC. 


11 


pentagon mitre; 4X7 equals hexagon mitre; 12^X6 equals 
heptagon mitre; 7X17 equals octagon mitre; 22^X9 equals 
nonagon mitre, 9^X3 equals decagon mitre. 

All plumb lines radiate from the centre of the earth, showing 



that if it were possible to make walls perfectly plumb they 
would not be parallel. 

All level lines are at right angles to an imaginary line from 
the centre of the level to the centre of the earth. If a line 


rz Et-p i ., [fe 

rA 7 s 



Fig. 27. 

is drawn parallel to the earth’s surface it has a curve of eight 
inches to the mile. 










































12 


TO LAY OUT ARCHES. 


Fig. 27 shows some of the various methods of splicing or 
joining timber. 

To Lay Out Arches.— Lancet Gothic Arch.—A lancet 
Gothic arch is one whose radius is greater than its width, as 
shown in Fig. 28. 



Fig. 28. 

To Draw the Gothic Elliptical Arch. —Divide the span 
ab into three equal parts at c and d, Fig. 29; with be as radius 


Fig. 29. 

and a, c, d, b as centres, draw the arcs, as shown, finding points 
e and /; now, from e and / draw lines through c and d, as shown; 
with c and d as centres and ac as radius draw arcs ag and hh } 


d 



and with e and / as centres and eh as radius draw arcs gi and 
ih, completing the curve of the arch. 








TO LAY OUT ARCHES. 


13 


To Draw the Lancet Gothic Arch when the Span and 
Rise are Given. —On the base line, Fig. 30, mark the span 
ab and from the centre draw the rise cd; now connect ad and 
db, and from the centre of these lines draw a line at right angles 
to strike the base line, as gf and eh) now g is the centre and 
gb the radius to draw the arc db, and h the centre and same 
radius to draw the arc ad . 

Gothic Arch.-— The most common Gothic arch is one whose 
radius is equal to its width, as shown in Fig. 31. 



All Gothic arches are easily struck from the centre, usually 
shown on the drawings. 

To Draw a Flat-pointed Arch to a Given Width and Rise. 
—Draw the width as AB, Fig. 32, and the height, as OC, while 
CD is aline tangent to the upper circle; now draw C3 at right angles 
to DC, and from A draw the perpendicular AD; now find point I, 



making At equal to AD; now find point E, making CE equal 
to AD. and connect / and E; now bisect the line EE as shown, 







14 


TO LAY OUT ARCHES. 


and draw a line to meet C3; now from 3 draw a line through 
point I as 3D, and I and 3 will be the centres to strike the 
arch; then transfer the points across to 2 and 4 for the centres 
for the other half. 

Drop Arch. — A drop arch is one whose radius is less than its 
width, as shown in Fig. 33. 

Another form of drop arch is shown in Fig. 34. 




Three-centre Arch. —With ab as width of arch and e as 
centre. Fig 35, take ea as radius and strike semicircle ah; 
then, with a as centre and ab as radius, strike arc be; then. 


<7 



with b as centre and same radius, strike arc ad; then, with c 
as centre and cf as radius, strike arc gf; then, with d as centre 
and same xadius, strike arc gh, thus completing the arch. 













TO LAY OUT ARCHES. 


15 


Four-centre Arch. —To strike a four-centre arch divide the 
width into four equal spaces, as 1, 2,3, Fig. 36; then, with 
1 as centre and la as radius, strike semicircle a2; then, with 
3 as centre and same radius, strike semicircle 2 b; then, with 
ab as radius and a as centre, strike arc be; then, with same 
radius and b as centre, strike arc ad; then, with c as centre 
and ce as radius, strike arc ge; then, with same radius and d 
as centre, strike arc fg, completing the arch. 

To' Draw the Tudor or Gothic Arch. —Let ab be the span 
and cd the rise, Fig. 37; with ab as radius and c as centre 



draw an arc through the perpendicular at e, connect c and e, 
make ag and bh equal to cf; now, with ab as radius and g and h 
as centres, find points 1 1 and 2 2 on the base line; drive a 
nail in each of these points to attach a string; fasten the string 
at 2 and carry it around the pencil at c and make fast at point 
1 on the opposite side; now draw the pencil from c to a, keeping 
the string tight, and it will describe the arch; then reverse the 
string for other side. 

At Point c, Fig. 38, on the Line ab to Draw Two Arcs of 
Circles Tangent to ab and the Two Parallels ah and be, 
Forming an Arch. —Make ad equal to ac and be equal to be; 
draw cf at right angles to ab and dg at right angles to ah; with 
g as centre and radius gd draw the arc dc; draw ef at right angles 
to be; with / as centre and fc as radius draw the arc ce, com¬ 
pleting the arch. 

To Space the Kerfing of Mouldings, etc. —Strike a circle 
of the same dimensions as that which it is desired to spring 
the moulding around; take a piece of the moulding and make 
a kerf in it and place the moulding across the circle as shown 
by Fig. 39, with the kerf at the centre; now hold that part 










16 


TO LAY OUT ARCHES. 


of the moulding marked A solid and bend the part marked B 
until the kerf or saw cut comes together. The distance the piece 




of moulding B has moved on the circle will be the distance 
apart to space the kerfs. 

To Lay Out an Arch or Curve Similar to an Ellipse, 
but whose Axes do not Stand at Right Angles.— Draw 
a parallelogram whose sides equal the axis, as A,B,C f and 
D, Fig. 40; now draw the two centre lines EF and GH; 


A 



Fig. 40. 

divide AE and BF into any number of equal parts, as 1,2, 3 
etc.; then divide El and IF into the same number of parts 
and draw lines radiating from G to points 1, 2, 3, etc.; then 
draw lines radiating from H through points 6, 7, 8 etc to 
strike the lines radiating from G, and through these intersec¬ 
tions draw the curve as shown. 

When any Three Points are Given, to Draw a Circle 
whose Circumference shall Strike Each of the Three 
Points. With a, b, and c as the points, Fig. 41 , join a and b 










TO LAY OUT ARCHES. 


17 


and a and c together, and draw lines at right angles from the 
centre of ab and ac, bisecting at d, which is the centre of the 
circle, and da the radius. 


a 



To Find the Centre of a Circle.— Take any three points OB 
the circumference and join them, as a, b, c, Fig. 42; then 


a 



d 



Fig. 43. 


draw lines at right angles from the centre of ab and ac and 
the bisecting point d is the centre. 

To Find the Diameter or Radius of a Circle when the 
Chord and Rise of an Arc are Given. —Draw the chord as 


c 



Fig. 44. 


ab, then the rise de, Fig. 43; then connect ad and db; then 
draw lines 1c and 2c at right angles, and from the centre of 







18 


TO LAY OUT ARCHES. 


ad and db, until they intersect at c, which is the centre and 
cd the radius. 

To Draw an Arc by Intersecting Lines when the 
Chord and Rise are Given. —Draw the chord as ab, Fig. 
44; then draw cd equal to twice the rise, divide ac and cb 
into the same number of equal spaces and draw the lines as 
shown. 



3 2 1 d 1 12 32C 3 

Fig. 45. 


To Draw an Arc by Bending a Lath or Strip. —Let ab 
be the span and cd the rise, Fig. 45; with cd as radius and 
d as centre, draw the quarter-circle ce; now divide ce and ed 
into the same number of equal parts, as 1, 2, 3, etc.; now 
divide db and da into as many equal parts as de; now con¬ 
nect 1, 2, 3 on the quarter-circle and 1, 2, 3 on de, as 
shown; now draw lines from the points on ad and db, at 
the same angle and equal in length to the ones on the quarter- 
circle, as 1 1,2 2, etc.; drive nails in these points and bend the 
strips around. 

When the Span and Rise of an Arc are Given, to Draw 
the Curve. —Draw the span ab and rise c, Fig. 46; then, with 



Fig. 46. 

a and b as centres and ab as radius, draw arcs ae and 6/; now 
draw lines from a and b through c until they strike ae and bf, 
as al and 61; divide al on ae and 61 on bf into any number 
of equal spaces, as 1, 2, 3, etc.; make 5, 6, 7 equally distant 







TO’ LAY OUT ARCHES. 


19 


and draw the lines as shown; draw the curve through the 
intersections as shown. 

When the Chord and Rise of an Arc are Given, to 
Draw the Arc. — Take two strips and joint the edges 


a 



Fig. 47. 


straight and make a frame, as shown in Fig. 47; be is the 
chord and ad the rise of the arc. Drive a nail in the floor 
or drawing-board on the outside edge of the frame at b and 



another one at c; then place the pencil at the point of the 
frame, a, and slide the frame around, keeping it tight against 
the nails, when the pencil will describe the curve, as shown 
in Fig. 48. 

When the Chord and Rise of an Arc are Given, to Find 
the Radius. —Square one-half the chord, divide this product 
by the rise and to this answer add the 
rise and divide by 2; the answer is 
the radius. In Fig. 49, one-half the 
chord is 4, which squared equals 16, a 
which divided by the rise equals 5J, z&V* 

to which add the rise, equals 8§, which ^ ^ 

divided by 2 equals 4£, the radius. 

Laying Out Mansard and Gambrel Roofs. —To propor¬ 
tion a mansard or gambrel roof, draw a half-circle to a scale 
using the width of the building as the diameter, then draw the 
two slopes of the roof so that they intersect on the circle, as 
shown by Fig. 50, 









20 


TO LAY OUT* ARCHES. 


Laying Out Circle Heads in Circle Walls. —This can be 
done with lines and circles, but the quickest way for the work- 




Fig. 51. 


man is to cut out the head-piece to the desired circle for the 
frame; then make two templates equal to the circle of the 
wall and tack them on the drawing-board or 
floor, as shown by Fig. 51; now with a couple 
of straight-edges and pencil mark out the circle 
of the wall by sliding the strips over the tem¬ 
plates. 

To Lay Out Entasis of Columns, etc. —Draw 
length of column, as AB, Fig. 52; then AC, the 
radius of the column at the bottom, and DB, the 
radius of the column at the top; now describe the 
quarter-circle CE, and let fall the perpendicular DF. 
Divide the length of the column into spaces equal 
to the bottom radius, spacing from E as G, H, I, 
and J ; divide the arc CF into the same number 
of equal spaces; now draw lines from the points 
on the centre line and at right angles to it, as EQ, 
G7, etc., and draw perpendicular lines from points 
1, 2, etc., on the arc to strike the lines from the 
Fig. 52. centre line, as shown at 6, 7, 8, etc., and through 
these points draw the curve. Fig. 52 is drawn with con¬ 
siderable swell, so that the lines can be seen more plainly. 

















LAYING OUT WORK, ETC. 


21 


To Draw a Regular Polygon of any Number of Sides, 
when the Length of One Side is Given. —Take the length of 

9 


h 


2 

1 


d 

Fig. 53. 

gon. Then, with c as centre and ca as radius, draw the circle; 
then draw lines from a through points 3, 4, 5, and 6, striking 
the circle at h, g, f, and e; now connect 2 h, hg, gf, fe, and eb. 

When the Two Axes are Given, to Draw a Curve Ap¬ 
proximating an Ellipse. —With cd as the major axis and 
ag the minor axis, Fig. 54, draw lines connecting ad and ac\ 
then, with b as centre and ba as radius, draw the semicircle, 
finding points e and /, from which points draw lines at right 
angles to ad and ac, intersecting at g\ then, with ga as radius 
and g as centre, strike arc 1 2; then, with i as centre and i2 
as radius, strike arc 2d and repeat same for other side. 


d 


fir 

Fig. 54. 

To Draw an Ellipse with a String.— Draw the long diam¬ 
eter, Fig. 55, as ab; then half the short diameter, as cd; then, 
with c as centre and ad as radius, describe arcs bisecting ab 
at 1 and 2, at which points drive a nail to fasten the string; 
then fasten the string at 1 and stretch to c, at which point place 
a pencil inside the string and carry the string to 2 and make 




the side for a base, as ab, Fig. 53; 
then with ab as radius and a as 
centre, draw the semicircle, db; 
then divide the semicircle into as 
many equal parts as there are 
sides to the polygon, in this case 
7; then, as we have one side, ab, 
we skip the first division and 
connect a and 2; then from the 
centre of a2 and ab draw lines at 
right angles until they meet at c, 
which is the centre of the poly- 










22 


LAYING OUT WORK, ETC. 


fast; then keep the string tight and run the pencil along on 
the inside of the string and the mark will be the ellipse; 3 and 
4 show position of pencil and string on the curve. 

To Draw an Ellipse with the Square. —Take a strip of 
wood, as shown in Fig. 56, say £"Xl", to use as a rule; then 
drive a nail through the stick about an inch from one end, as 1; 
then make the distance between 1 2 equal one-half the short 
diameter of the ellipse and 2 3 equal to one-half the long diam¬ 
eter; drive another nail at 3, and at 2 make a hole for a pencil, 



place the pencil in the hole and slide the stick from a perpen¬ 
dicular position to a horizontal one, keeping the nails against 
the inside of the square, and the pencil will describe an ellipse. 

To Lay Out an Octagon Shingle. — Take the width of 
the shingle, Fig. 58, and measure up from the butt and draw 
a line across the shingle, thus forming a square; then draw 
the two diagonal lines ac and bd, bisecting at e; then, with ea 
as radius and abed as centres, find points /, g, h, and i; then 
connect fg and hi. 

To Lay Out Diamond-pointed Shingles. — Let 1, 2, 3, 4, 
Fig. 59, represent the shingle; then, with 3 and 4 as centres 
and 3 4 as radius, find points a and 6; draw lines ac and be as 
shown. 

To Lay Out an Arch-lintel. — The rule is to use the width 
of the frame as radius. Example: abed, Fig. 60, represent 
the frame; now, with a as centre and ab as radius, draw the 
arc be; with b as centre and same radius draw arc ae, and with the 
intersection e as centre and same radius draw the desired arc ab. 

To Find the Pattern of Veneers for Circle-splayed 
Window- cr Door-jambs. — Draw a section of the frame, as a 
and b, Fig. 61; then continue the lines Id and 2e until they 
meet at c, ce and cd is the radius to lay out the veneer. 

To Lay Out Winding Stair-treads.— Make a drawing of 
the space to be taken up with the winders, and draw an arc 











Base l - Shaft pKeck; Capital 


23 


TO LAY OUT ARCHES. 


Cornice 


a 

*§ 


Fillet's. 
Cyma-recta\Nv, 
Fillet 
Coron 
CtoIo 
Fillet 


Frieze 



Architrave 1 Upper Facia 


Names of Parts of an Entablature. 

/ ■ 


j- 


— Cymatium 
— Abacus 
-Echinus 


—Annulets or Fillets 
p—Callarlno or Neck 

—Astragal or Necking 
-Cincture 


Apophyge 
)-<—Torus 

TL— Cavetto or ScoFia 
—Torus 
Plinth 

Sub-Plinth 



Fig. 57. — Names of Parts of a Column. 












































24 


LAYING OUT WORK, ETC. 


as A B, Fig. 62, divide this arc into as many equal spaces 
as steps desired, as 1 2 3; draw lines radiating from the centre 







of the newel through these points, which give the size and 
shape of the different steps. 



























PART II. 

TIME-SAVING TABLES 

AND 

VARIOUS CONDENSED DATA. 

RAFTER TABLES. 

The following tables on pages 26 to 36 give the length of 
rafters for various pitches and runs. Example: Find the 
length of rafter for a run of 14 feet 5 inches, rafter one-third 
pitch. 

We turn to the table for rafters for one-third pitch, and in the 
column of feet find 14; then follow this space along to the 



column under 5 inches, where we find the required length of rafter 
to be 17 feet 3f inches. 

The lengths are all given from the plumb-line of the plate 
as shown by Fig. 63, and to find the length including the pro¬ 
jection the projection must be included with the run of the 
rafter. 

The lengths of hip-rafters are found as explained on each 
table. In multiplying first reduce the length of the common 
rafter to inches, multiply and reduce back to feet. 

These tables are figured, with one exception, in eighths of an 
inch, as that is the most convenient fraction for carpenters to 
work to, and close enough for all purposes. 


25 



RAFTER TABLE. LENGTHS OF RAFTERS FOR VARIOUS RUNS. 


26 


RAFTER TABLES. 


OC JO 

co o 


>> ^ 

tH 

^ <D 

0 4 - 5 > 
4-> <4H 

^ d 
d jh 
t- 1 


Pi 


c o 


o fl 

o 


a g 

£ 

P 

P5 

p 


a § 

o o 
U 0) 
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0 


■“'0 

H 


U-i 

o-fl 

o 


44 

o 


Ji 

Ph 


4-3 fl 

bfi <x> 

W 


d'"' 
0) o 

u 


— 




w 

• 

£ >> 

0 

© 

>,a 

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•fl fl 

45 fl 

H 

H 

ao 

4-* 

• pH 

£. 

w 

P3 

£ 

4-rf 

fl G 
fl 'A 

CQ 

H 

•(H 

G O 

P 

w 

CQ 

O *- 

fl 

1 

O fl 

O 

© 

^ o 

z 

d 

<D bO 

►—1 

O 

53 d 

fl 45 

fl 


fl O 

P 


o* o 

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m fl 

£ 


fl fl 

0 

hv 


U Sh 

o o 

& 


<4-1 <4H 


> 

◄ 

W 

CQ 

Pi 

w 

H 

P 

◄ 

P5 


CQ W 

P i-i 

CD <D 

+? 4 -> 
< 4 —< « 4 —< 

d d 

0- Q, 

• i—« • —4 

-d-d 

U-4 4H 

o o 

-d -fl 

4-3 -u> 

b£) bfl 
d fl 
<d a? 


<d a> 
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4-> 4-5 

fl fl 

cdcd 

o o 

HH 



ii 

HoofltiHao 
r-H --H CM C 4 

CO^IOO 

fl*floeof-*fl* 
CO fl fl to 

N 00 050 

iH 

r 4 xccH«HlNr +0 

CO co CO 

t-h CM CO fl 

»—H r-H r-H 1 —H 

- 4 »H« 
er^«+coO O 

CO 05 T-H rH 

to co co 

T-H rH T-H rH 

T-H 

T-H 

05 

rH 


O 

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0 0 ^ ^ 

- 4 N flop+* ^ 
CM CO CO fl 

flOC^fHr^(Nr 430 

tOiOON 

GO 05 05 

O 

t-H 


•H 

CO fl lO o 

N 00 O 5 O 

r-H CM CO fl 

r-H t-H i—H t-H 

to co oo 

t-h t-h t-h rH 

05 

T-H 



t-tsOH^N 

o *-H 

r —1 r -1 O O 

eojas «c^Xcc|co 

r-H CM CM CO 

io|qoco|co 

fl fl to co 

«|aO-+« C+* 

CO CO 00 

05 


(NCOiOfl 

NC 0 050 

r-H 

r-H CM CO fl 

t-H t-H t-H t-H 

to co oo 

t-h rH t-h H 

05 

r-H 


00 

fl^floccHi 

t-fo 0 .'**S rH r—H 
05 r -1 r —1 r-l 

w|ao «ojcoe*^oo 

OHHCM 

»cfc>Cco|aO 

CO CO fl to 

icfccA* «H» 
iOCOI>t>* 

r^ 

00 



(MCOfliO 

NN 050 

r-H 

r-H CM CO fl 

r-H r-H t-H r-H 

to CO co 

t-h t-H t-H rH 

05 

r-H 



CCf^r^O O 

GO 05 rH rH 

CM CO A* 40 

cflx> 

T-H HaOp^O 

rH H 

CDN 050 

t-H 

«fcco+o 

CM CM CO fl 

t-h CM CO fl 

r-H t-H r-H t-H 

ic+»t 4 « «}h 

fl to CO CO 

to co 00 

t-H rH tH t-H 

!>• 

05 

T-H 


CD 

erlr+cdfXi Hao 

CO 05 05 

flrrflafli 

O O "“H fl* 

t-H —H r-H f*S 

HoO<h|in flcHoO 
O T-H CM CM 

r^Nr+Xb+OkClaO 

CO fl fl to 

co 

CQ 

© 

CM CO fl to 

ONcoo 

r-H 

t-h CM CO fl 

t-H r-H t-H ^H 

to CO 00 

^H rH t-H ^H 

05 

T-H 

rfl 

o 

fl 

hfl 

*0 

efccc 3 |ao icfco 
CO 00 CO 

- 4 ^-f* 

r+^HoOO r-H 
05 05 T-H r-H 

t-fco 

r-H 

t-h (^5 t-h r-H 

CM CO CO fl 

to 



CM CO fl tO 

CO t>»O 0 05 

O CM CO fl 

r—H t-H r-H t-H 

to CO 00 

r-H t-h t-h rH 

05 

rH 



lC<OOHt 4 HoO-^ 

iOOcON 

floe^HtccIcoO 

GO CO 05 t-h 

COH«r||QO 

O r-H .-fcCWfHI 
T-H t-H O O 

cdpo «Htr^ 

i-H CM CM CO 

fl* 

fl 



CQflfliO 

CO GO 05 

O r-H CO fl 

t-H t-H t-H t-H 

to CO CO 

t-h rH t-H tH 

05 

t-H 


CO 

- 4 NfloecH‘«l<» 

fliOiOO 

«*©fl* 

U— U- GO 05 

*dfX>CD> t-H t-H 
05 r-H t-H t-H 

fl^h+ciolccc^jo 

O O rH CM 

A© 

CO 



CM CO fl tO 

co r- oo 05 

O ’“H CM CO 
rH ^H rH rH 

to co 05 

t-H t-H t-H rH 

05 

T-H 


0 * 

r-tNr- 4 x>ecH , «|Q 0 

co fl fl io 

“*©r+* 

CO co 00 

* 4 » 

“**>r-fnO O 
00 05 rH H 

r+*H® , 

T-H t-h *Q(X)ejpo 
rH t-h O rH 

flc 

CM 



CM CM fl tO 

CO CO 05 

O rH CM CO 

t-H t-H t-H t-H 

fl to t'T- oo 

t-H rH t-H rH 

05 

rH 


rH 

Hpo »o|ooH 4 » 

CM CO CO fl 

fl to CO CO 

oo oo 05 

Hoom|hh|(n 

O O rH fl* 
t-H t-H t-H CI 5 

rH 



CM CO fl tO 

CO GO 05 

O t-h CM CO 

rH rH t-H rH 

fl to CO GO 

rH rH rH t-h 

05 

T-H 


o 

<fle wfcofl* 
^ CM CM CO 

HaM^r^acHao 
CO fl to to 

-*h- 43 cHoo-^ 

co oo 

fllflH 
flcwHio ’-h 

05 05 r- T-H 

o 



CM CO fl tfl 

CO 00 05 

O t-h CM CO 

t— rH t-H t-H 

fl to cO K. 

T-H T-H T-h t-h 

05 

T—H 

Length of 
Run of 
Rafter, Ft. 

NW'fiO 

! 


o^weo 

HHHH 

^ iGCDe* 

HHHH 

18 









































RAFTER TABLE. LENGTHS OF RAFTERS FOR VARIOUS RUNS—( Continued). 


RAFTER TABLES 




z 

p 

03 

fe 

O 

H 

O 

O 

Ph 

a 

o 

◄ 

w 

o 

H 

H 

CO 

»—i 

PH 

CO 

w 

a 

o 

2 ; 


w 

> 

£ 

o 

£ 

•H 

«! 

a 

co 

a 

w 

Eh 

P 

◄ 

Ph 


o 

CO 

CO 


o 


*H 

pQ © 

-4-2 

o a 

-*-> s-. 


a 
o 

a 
a 

o © 

©.d 

©^ 

O <4-i 

73 O 

<+=<-d 

O -+J 

r4 W) 

*5 

bQV 

J_g 

-d >> 

<—• 

>,& 

—4 -4-J 

.2-3 

~ a 

3 ^ 

<H * 4- ' 

** *h 


£ d 
J- O 
© W) 
t- c3 
C3 -*3 
d © 

® d 
d d 
*- ^ 
oo 


! £ 

) © 

> 

1 ^ 

1 *r 

l a 


o o 

.d-d 

H^> -4-5 

bfi bC 
d d 
© jij 

© © 

.d.d 


73 ~d 

d d 
cd^d 

° o 

HH 


GO 

© 

pd 

© 

d 


11 

1 

1 

CM CO Tf iO 

CO 00 05 

—4 i—4 —H 

CM CO rH iO 

co 


1 

1 

CO rft tO CO 

00 05 O 

i-h CM tO 

2^X0 

o 

CM 

o 

1 

1 

1 

HaoHxiHaoHoO 

O f-H CM CO 

HooHwHaoHoo 
^ OO N 

t^»Hoo 
HqcHqoO *h i 
00 05 y—i i-H 

Hxt^aot^ootqoo 
O rH CM CO 

t+o 


1 

1 

CO lO co 

NX050 

1“H 

— < CM CO 

rH r-H r-H 1—4 

CO t”— CO 05 

y—l y—l i—4 r-H 

O 

CM 

CD 

1 

! 

I 

rH e^c^reHi 

^ o »-* cm 

CO ^ to CO 

c*h< 

W^wfH'WlH'O 

NXC5rH 

wf hi 

r-H 

^ O rH CM 

whf 

CO 


1 

! 

cm io o> 

NX050 

rH 

-h CM CO ^ 

r-H i-H »-H i—4 

10NX05 

rH i-H i-H r-H 

O 

CM 

GC 

1 

1 

fcHxroHi 

O rH <rH>cdr* 

~ r-1 O rH 

CM CO 'H' <0 

CCfH 1 ?cf4< wfn* 
co co 05 

wlHwtH 

O r-H 

rH O ^ 

«fH 

CM 


1 

1 

cm co to co 

00 05 O 

—4 CM CO ^ 

—4 r-H —-4 i—H 

>0 CO 00 05 

y—l t-H i—h —h 

O 

CM 

r* 

1 

1 

i 

<C+30tfT30 

•efaO rH «|co 
05 *-4 rH o 

ictoio|ao*^«o|ao 
rH d CO 'T 

^tcfatojocu^c 
iO CO 00 

dco»c+30 

vslxO rH ie|oO 

05 rH rH © 

icjco 


1 

I 

cm co Ttn co 

NX050 

r-H 

i““i CM CO 

y—l i—H r-H i—H 

1C CO 05 

T—4 i—H r-H i—4 

O 

CM 

CO 

1 

i 

Hin-4no rH 
CO 05 4—< *—1 

-4Nr*4rqc»-4N 

O rH CM CO 

-^Sr-*NfH^4r4^4 

H^iOON 

-4^-^ 

•-♦NHiC'^O rH 
GO 05 rH i-H 

-** 

o 


1 

1 

oq co ^ to 

NX050 

rH 

rH CM X 'Hi 

r-H r-H i-H r—4 

lOONX 

^H r-H i-H 

O 

CM 

10 

1 

1 

i 

p4n-^ph|ino 

h»C0 05’-i 

nfr* 

i-h1 hJnh|n»Hn 
*“< O H CM 

CO iO CO 

HkN 

HNr^NHlNO 
1^— CO 05 y—i 

4* 

t-H 

y—l 


1 

cm co rf lo 

CO 00 05 o 

y—* CM CO ''*■+< 

lOONX 

05 




c^cotoo.-^oOfclao 
CO 00 05 

fioOf^OO 

O r ~~ < f ^+»f^(aO 
i—4 l-H I^> i-H 

«joo«|oofof3ocrjjoo 

CM CO ^ iO 

e^e^M(coeo(oo 
CO t'- 00 05 

m|qo 

O 

CM CO Tji iO 

ONOO 

rH CM CO ^ 

i—4 y—i r-H rH 

lO CO 00 

1—4 i—4 rH i—H 

05 



co 




Ph 


© 
4^ 
U—I 

d 

Ph 


to co go 

CQ^^iO 


rt< iO cO r^- 
CM CO rJH lO 


*4X)rH30HaO^HoO 

COtMOO 

CM CO ^ tO 


cm CO rt< to 
cm co rt< to 


WCO^IO 


HfH<0 rH HN1 

05 rH ^H O 

^Hr4H<-qHr4H4 
1—1 CM CO T*4 

IO co 00 

05 

ONXO 

rH CM CO Tt* 

1—4 i—4 r-H r—4 

iO co 00 

1—4 1—H l-H l-H 

05 

rH 

h|hh(h 

H^HHIO rH 
CO 05 rH rH 

Hhlr4H--fHlr-^H 

O rH CM CM 

i4Hr-*Hp4^HtH 

'tiOcOh- 

Hh* 

oo 

CO t> 00 05 

r-4 CM CO Tf 

io co oo 

05 


-4» 

-fco 



Hc0r4X)r^0O 

l-H r4X)^X>r^X> 

-430H^30H<»HoO 

4x> 

co 05 i-H 

rH O rH CM 

CO ^ to co 


co oo 05 

O CM CO rf 

lOOSX 

05 


co oo 05 

O rH 

▼-H ^ 

O rH 

CMCOrJ-iO 

CO 

co oo 05 

O —H 

rH r—4 

CO Hf 

T—4 rH 

lOONX 

05 


CD^GtOi O^0>C0 

rH ^ 


^*OCD^ OO 











































RAFTER TABLE. LENGTHS OF RAFTERS FOR VARIOUS RUNS—( Continued). 


28 


RAFTER TABLES. 


O 

fc 

P 

Ph 


H 

O 

H 

H 

cfi 

M 

Ph 

co 

w 

a 

u 

55 

HH 

K 

i—( 

QQ 

O 

£ 

< 

a 

CO 

a 

H 

H 

◄ 

Ph 


© 

T—< 

CO 

r? u 

jQ 0 

g a 

4-> Jh 

«+H 

^ O 

§ a 

g! 
s« 

o c; 

«.d 

o 43 


p 

,a «*-« 

o 

4-3 o 

h 

<-*-< ,-1 

o 

jS bO 

o 

■5 a 

Ph 

a 

u 

Hi 

bO « 

a^ 

<D <D 

— -a 


aS 

•*H 

Ch 


t- 

P 

o 

I 

o> 

a 

O 


>>. 2 * 

•r- a 

3S 
S'o 
*“ 8 


O 

o 

Jm 


a 
o 

0) bJO 

a 

03 43> 

= § 

m c 
a a 

u u 

o o 

<4H 

m cq 

H< 

0> 0> 

-h> 

<HH «-*—I 

a a 

fn Jh 

I I 

a a 

• W* • V* 

U-» U~t 

c o 
-a .a 

+3 4-3 

bO bO 

a a 

0) 0 

r—I r-H 

<D a) 

-a-a 

44> 4-3 

r r3'0 
a a 
<aqu 

o o 

HH 


c n 

0> 

-a 

o 

a 


.a 

4-3 ^H 

bfl G 

a. 


a 

Ph 


*-f«ii4Xr-$»*4» 
CO Tti CO F- 

CO H 1 W3 CO 


r4»«H» 

©t-< 


© 

Nooa 


f^aot-fjo^icjco 
CM CO *0 CO 


r+X> 

T-fcOflfXT-H r-*N 

OOCi^O 




<mco^»o 


CONCOO 

riHr-iOl 


CM 


10 

r4»H^ 1-4N 

(N CO to CO 

COrt^iOCO 

■4*> 

*+© o 

E03hO 

NC0 03r-H 

T—1 

ccjoo«H»-fHic*» 

HCMT^IO 

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18 


















































RAFTER TABLE. LENGTHS OF RAFTERS FOR VARIOUS RUNS—( Continued ). 

Rafters having Seven Inches Rise to each Foot of Run. 

find the length of hip-rafters for a square roof multiply the length of the common rafter by 1.321. 
find the length of hip-rafters for an octagon roof multiply the length of the common rafter by 1.062. 


RAFTER TABLES 


29 


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t-4 






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NN ao 





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RAFTER TABLES 


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RAFTER TABLE. LENGTHS OF RAFTERS FOR VARIOUS RUNS—( Continued ). 


32 


RAFTER TABLES 


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RAFTER TABLES 


33 


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RAFTER TABLE. LENGTHS OF RAFTERS FOR VARIOUS RUNS— {Continued). 

Rafters having Twelve Inches Rise to each Foot of Run, or 

One-half Pitch. 


34 


RAFTER TABLES. 


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H rH rH rH 

rH 

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1 








































RAFTER TABLES 


£ 

•<>> 

■*o 

g 

o 

O 


co 

o 

co 

O 

o 

hH 

Ph 

< 

> 

erf 

O 

fa 

CO 

Pi 

fa 

H 

fa 

< 

Pi 


« 

o 

•» 

P 

Pi 

B 

O 

H 

O 

O 

fa 

S3 

O 

< 

B 

O 

H 

B 

co 

h 

Pi 

CO 

B 

EC 

0 

X 


fa 

O 

CO 

33 

H 

O 

55 

fa 

fa 


Pi 

fa 

CQ 

< 

H 

Pi 

fa 

Eh 

fa 

Pi 


55 

B 

B 

H 

X 

H-1 

CO 

0 

55 

i—i 
> 
< 
EC 


B 

H 

B 

< 

Pi 



«c co 

S o 


a 

o 

S 

a 

o 

0 


~ >> 
>>X> 

fa 

042 
52 g 

G ^ 

tH 

c 

o 

a 
a 

c 

u o 
Sfa 

-G 

^<4H 

»H O 

°PG 

be G 

C ^ 
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—• 0 

0-G 
jG ^ 
>> 

^"S 

CL*J 

• »-<,—i 

G? 3 


O 

C 

Jh 

0) 

t- 


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o 

fci 

G 

O 

bfi 


G G 

G +=> 

o-g 

CQ w 

G 2 

G 

S-l 

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<Hi O 
tH 

£ CQ 

% 0> 

<H 

B 2 

JS 0 


G 

> 

u 

O 


G 

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b 

O 


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fafa 


fa pG 
be ^ 
G £ 
jg s 

<D 0 

fa-G 

G G 

<Gfa 

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HH 




1 

Hw Hra 

Hw 

r+n 

Hco p-*n 





O HmH^O 

H«H «0 H« 

r 4 P 5 HM 

O H«H «0 



*H 


r—» CO 03 

CO 03 *—i CO 

03 ^ CO 03 

t—• CO 03 r—i 

co 


rH 





• , 




1 

^ CO 00 05 

y —< CO Tf CO 

GO 05 r-i co 

rf CO 00 05 




1 


r—( r —1 1 -n T—i 

r-i 1 03 03 

03 03 03 03 

CO 



1 

1 

c^c^c^we^co 

c^wcHjcoc^jwc^eo 

e*r;c*op 4 r-:c^w 


<N ^5 


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1 

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^ooo^ 

000^0 

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1 

Tf CO 00 05 

r-H CO Tt^ CO 

00 05 T—I CO 

—t' CO CO' 05 




1 


i —1 r —1 r-i rH 

t—i h 03 03 

03 Ol 03 03 

CO 



1 

1 

t-H 

»—H 

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05 

1 

| 

t— CO r—i l>- 

CO ^ CO 

T— N CO T—i 

N WriN 

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1 

^ CO 05 

rH (>3 ^ CO 

05 r-i (M 

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T—i 



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rH t— i rH t—i 

rinC^CJ 

03 03 03 03 

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1 

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•Hccp-twr^Ho: 

r4n 


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| 

to »—i 05 to 

r —1 05 LO r —1 

05 tO 1 05 

tO r—• 05 tO 

T—i 



1 

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r —1 03 Tt< CO 

05 r-i 03 

H- CO t-- 05 

T—i 



1 


T—i H rH tH 

r-i r-i OJ 03 

03 03 03 03 

CO 



1 

. 

e ^5 cs(eo 


e^n 




1 

csjeci—i 

h n|MM|ecT—i 

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t— r 


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1 

I 

CO r—i !>• CO 

r—i CO 

N CO rih* 

CO r-i 00 CO 

T—i 



1 

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OC 3 ^io 

05 o 03 

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o 



1 


t— 1 r-i rH rH 

t— i t— i 03 03 

03 03 03 03 

CO 

1 



O 

o o 

O 

O 

o 


c 


03 r-i o 03 

r-i CO 03 rH 

CO 03 t—( CO 

03 r—i co 03 

T—i 

• 



rT tO t'- 05 

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05 O 03 

to 05 

o 

CQ 




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r-i T—I 03 03 

03 03 03 03 

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fH 



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p^eop^p^r^co 

p^ec p 3 c*;Hcc 

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10 


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GO H -1 O GO 

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OGOrTO 

GO 




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05 o 03 

rf tO N 05 

o 





rH t-H r—i H 

r—i t—i 03 03 

01 03 03 03 

CO 




c^ro 

cMpi 


c^cc cin 





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c*^eo 

e^O c^rc^co 

O c^c^rO 



T* 


t— i CO 03 i 

CO 03 TH co 

03 r—i CO 03 

r— 03 r-r 

CO 




co to r-^ oo 

O 03 CO 40 

CO 00 O 03 

CO to 00 

o 





t— 1 r-i r-i r-i 

r-i T—i 03 03 

03 03 03 03 

CO 


CO 


05 tO r —1 05 

iO rH 05 iO 

rH 05 tO r~“l 

05 tO r—i 05 

to 




CO lO oo 

O 03 CO IO 

N 00003 

CO to t"- 00 

o 





T—i T—i r—i rH 

r-i T-i 03 03 

03 03 03 03 

CO 




, Hw . 

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r 4?5 

r4fn 





r^r^JrH HW 

HfOrH p^tOr^CC 

T—i - 3 fCr 3 Wr—i 

r^p+Gri HCO 



« 


NCOthN 

CO r-i co 

HNCOrH 

N CO r-i 

CO 




CO iO co 00 

O T—i CO iO 

CO 00 O rH 

CO to cc OO 

o 





r—i rH rH rH 

r-i T—i 03 03 

03 03 03 03 

CO 




C** 5 P^C^MC ^0 

e< 4 ? 5 csjccc^roc 4 w 

dtndmdnctn 

cHcocHweHixc^o 



rH 


tO ▼—i 05 iO 

T—i 05 to r—i 

05 to r-i 05 

tO r—• 05 tO 

T—i 




CO iO co 00 

OriCOlO 

CO 00 O rH 

CO to CO 00 

o 





T—i f—i T—i T—i 

t—i t—i 03 03 

03 03 03 03 

CO 


o 


Tt'OOO^ 

OCQ^O 

GO ^ O OO 

H-OOCrt 

o 




CO lO co OO 

O r-i CO to 

CO 00 O T—i 

CO »o CO CO 

o 





T—i T—i H T—i 

r-i t —1 03 03 

03 03 03 03 

CO 

<4-1 

•B 







0 «« fa 







•G ° jj* 

-B r- B 


C^CO^^G 

COt^GCOi 

OtHWCO 

COh 

GC 





rH rH tH t -1 

rH rH rH 

rH 

s« *s 







►3 

Oh 
















































RAFTER TABLE. LENGTHS OF RAFTERS FOR VARIOUS RUNS— {Continued). 


RAFTER TABLES 


o 

fc 

p 

Ph 

o 


OQ 

w 

W 

o 

fc 

HH 

05 

P 

O 

P 

i 

h 

£ 

H 

► 

H 

O 

£ 

•H 

< 

w 

CO 

05 

H 

H 

P$ 


• o 

• 

05 H 

s >> 

n ^ 
d> 

. -M 
^ »+h 

<D c3 

*H 


d 
o 

S 

a o 

O a) 

©,d 

0 ) 'H 

i-d <4H 

+> O 


H 


O 

O 

£d 


bo © 
d 

w 

<X> © 

o 

' pd 

<3 

OP ^ 

H 

£>> 


o 

H 

W 

£ 5 


O 

£ 


3 s 

S 3 

g 

2 g 

<D bO 

§o 

” C 5 

c3 c3 

M Fh 

O O 

«+h tfi 

m m 
u u 
CD 0) 
-4-5 +5 

S-H *+-H 

3 c3 

Fh Fh 
i i 
>>>> 
o> o 

c3 c3 

5 > > 

Fh Fh 

o o 

t I 

a o< 

33 

U-> <4H 

O O 

+=> 

bfl bO 
d d 
<d o 


<D <D 

-d^d 


-dT3 
d d 
cdqn 

c o 
HEH 



tH 

HN«tx>Hr 

CO CO 05 o 

r^iofar^Cr-H 

03 iO 00 t-H 

r^ 1 

r4xH»*c^»o 

03t^NtH 


tH 

t^CDOO^ 

rH 

CO to l>- 05 

t-H t-H t-H t-H 

03 ^ CO GO 

03 03 03 03 


O 

HrH» 
t-H HM L'- 05 

r+XcdflCiDfCrjcC 
O CO CO 05 

H® 

t-h lo^oecfxipr 

t-h 03 iO 00 


rH 

t^cCOOO 

T—I 

CO iO l>- 05 

t-H t-H t-H t-H 

t-h CO 00 

03 03 03 03 


G 

H poowpHN 
H rH rh l>- 

r+* 

O t43oH»H« 
t-H t-H CO CO 

»O|30W)00r4Xl 

05 O CO co 


CO CO oo o 

r-H 

03 iO 05 

t-H t-H t-H t-H 

T-H -f co oc 

03 03 03 03 

• 

CO 

*dpD 

«prH r^4)( 

CO T-H 03 »0 

Hqo 

O *4 3 o*c+ 30 

GO t—i tH rf 

Hqo 

c^qoO H»«fH 
t^nOCO 


COiOGO’H 

H 

03 ^ 05 

t-H t-H t-H t-H 

H co CO GO 

03 03 03 03 


h 

r-^«|00r4«f( 

O 05 O CO 

eofaO 

«P«o|oot-h «|oo 

ic 00 t-H 03 

»o|cc 

H0CH°0O r^N 



CO iO 00 t-h 
H 

03 CO 05 

t-H t-H t-H t-H 

t-h CO iO 00 

03 03 03 03 


CD 

H*H»0 

t^NhO 

T-^«(00r4»r4x> 

CO CO 05 O 

Hr 

t-)oo»e|cec , Ji 0 ° T —i 

03 iO 00 t-H 

m 

<D 

CO iO l> O 

t-H 

03 ^ CO 05 

t-H t-H t-H t-H 

»HCOiON 

03 03 03 03 

i-M 

o 


Hqo *4*0 

03 to i>- h 



d 

HH 

40 

HooH* O 

t-H L>- t-H 

npr+Nr-pr-tO 

O CO CO 05 


CO »0 !>• 05 

03 ^ CO GO 

t-H t-H t-H r-H 

OCO»ON 

03 03 03 03 


T* 

*Ho 

H Wp»4»M|aO 

thC^iOCO 

t-h HrecH* 

rHNtfN 

Hn 

OH H» 
thHt^cO 


(NiONO 

HrfCOOO 

rH t-H t-H t-H 

OCOiON 

03 03 03 03 


CO 

ICjoOH^W(QOr4)0 

05 O CO CO 

H»T—( H^r-4N 

GO rH 03 lO 

H#t-H rtp^QO 

00 t-H H ^ 


03 *0 C5 

rHCOcOOO 

t-H ^H t-H t-H 

0 0310N 

03 03 03 03 


w 

r-p 

«(00O r-fxib+o 
NHHCO 

tc^o 

co a o co 

«H<t-h eojao 

co 00 1—I 03 


03 05 

h CO CO GO 

tH r-H t-H t-H 

003HN 

03 03 03 03 


rH 

H*> o'h* 

iOCO’H^ 

cofcoi-pO 

Tt< F- t-H t-H 

CO co 05 o 



03 CO 05 

H CO lO GO 

t-H t-h t-h t-h 

003HN 

03 03 03 03 


O 

wjoo 

t-4»Wp»d|30 t-H 

03 1C 00 t-h 

r-ifX) «PO 

03 10NH 

HnHt H* 

t-H Tt« 05 



03 CO GO 

THCOiON 

tH t-H t-H t-H 

003HCO 

03 03 03 03 

«4H 

o 

■s^ 




A 

■p 

bfi 

d 

O 

HP 

rj F-T 

§3 

rHWCOTti 

WSOt'OO 

GOrlCl 
tH rH iH 















































RAFTER TABLES. 


37 


CUTS AND BEVELS OF RAFTERS. 




>h • 



<D I 



TO 

<D 

rC 

<3 

c 

h-♦ 

TO 

<X> 

A 

o 

a 

HH 

Square fo 
and Hori 
Dmmon ani 

Square fo 
and Hori 
Hip- an< 

ofas 

«+* C5 

m 1 
(3,® 

S a 
a.St'i 

on Squar 
of Cripple 

on Roof. 

n «4-H 

£ fa 2 

fa 73 ^ -rt 

3 3 g © 

fa, o3 fa v 

W ft|S 

fa —i «<-< 

2 

o 

fa 73^ 

3 S £ • 

a fa fa "c 
c , fa § 

.s 

TO 

0) 

• 4-3 

V*-( 

TO 

<D 

-4-3 

u-i 

fa Q ® 
O tn u-i >i 

©« 

05 fa OJ 

r 1 *tH 

§ . o . 

° fa 05 

©,£5 M fa 

fa ^ 

° o S 

3 

3 go- 

bO 

3 ►> o 

P ®o 

m 

O fi 

gixjcci^ 

® o.S a 

U) "33 

3 —i 05 <U 

^ ® fa 32 

• fH P Q 

CffiCO 
^ CQ 

® o-a^ 
a? e 2 

<4H 

O 

0> 

TO 

03 

P4 

O 

0730 

-►> 

a> 

3-® o,2 
W)P| sO 

igures to 
Perpend 
zontal 1 
Valle y-r: 

O ©0Q 

a 

05 

g a ra 
fa o fa 
mH ® 

a - '" 

,o 2 
-H o 

.® -u 
fa (H'tJ 
fa O fa 

g® 
fa o >> fa 

® ®P £ 
CQ fa fa 
02^ fa ® 

fa O >J fa 
mS 

r4 

p$ 

5 

P 

S 

5 

5 

5 





* 

* 


* 

3 

12 

3X12 

3X17 

121 X 12 

41X12 

a ® ® 
o a; fa 
■+■= fa fa 

111X12 

4 

12 

4X12 

4X17 

121X12 

41X12 

111X12 

5 

12 

5X12 

5X17 

13 X 12 

41X12 

^ g, 

111X12 

6 

12 

6X12 

6X17 

131X12 

41X12 

<2 3 ® 

111X12 

7 

12 

7X12 

7X17 

131X12 

41X12 

w-a*-. 

11 X 12 

8 

12 

8X12 

8X17 

141 X 12 

41X12 

05 <0 

101X12 

9 

12 

9X12 

9X17 

15 X 12 

4 X 12 

fa 1-0 

101X12 

10 

12 

10X12 

10X 17 

151 X 12 

31X12 

0 a. fa • 
feir n m *3 

101X12 

11 

12 

11X12 

11X17 

161X12 

31X12 

^ ® 0) o 

10 X 12 

12 

12 

12 X 12 

12X 17 

17 X 12 

31X12 

91X12 

13 

12 

13X12 

13X17 

171X 12 

31X12 

a- 

fa ® S+ 3 
co ^ a ^ 

91X12 

14 

12 

14 X 12 

14X17 

181X12 

31X12 

91X12 

15 

12 

15X12 

15X17 

191X12 

3 X 12 

® O n ° 
(C-^ OtH 

9 X 12 

16 

12 

16 X 12 

16X17 

.. 

20 X 12 

21X12 

P 

81X12 




t+H <D <D 

^ cd c3 

c3 >; rtf 

§•.&. 

' -- <*H 

o 
o 

D • 

co_h C tO 

fa o o a> 
-. > bM 
o <u o: o 

^CQ t £ 

s a°^ 

- ~ o 


5H. 


4£X12 
41X12 
4|X12 
41 X 12 
41X12 
41X12 
41X12 
4 X 12 
31X12 
31X12 
31X12 
31X12 
3f X 12 
31X12 


* Side of square to use for cut. 


TABLE GIVING THE LENGTH OF RAFTERS TO EACH FOOT 

OF RUN. 


Run of Rafter. 


12-inch run 
12 - “ “ 

12 - “ “ 

12 - “ “ 

12 - “ “ 

12 - “ “ 

12 - “ “ 

12 - “ “ 

12 - “ “ 

12 - “ “ 

12 - “ “ 

12 - “ “ 

12 - “ “ 

12 - “ “ 


Rise of Rafter. 


3-inch rise 

4_ ‘ ‘ “ 

5- “ “ 

6 - “ 

y i t i i 

8 - “ “ 

9_ ** * * 

10 - “ “ 

11 - “ “ 

12 - “ “ 

13- “ “ 

14- “ “ 

15- “ “ 

16 - “ “ 


Length of Rafter 
to each Foot of 
Run. 


12.37 inches 
12.65 “ 

13 

13.41 “ 

13.89 “ 

14.42 “ 

15 e “ 
15.62 “ 

16.28 “ 
16.97 “ 

17.69 “ 

18.44 “ 

19.21 “ 

20 


Length of Hip or 
Valley per Foot 
of Run of Com¬ 
mon Rafter. 


17.23 inches 

17.43 “ 

17.69 “ 
18.00 “ 

18.36 “ 

18.76 “ 

19.21 “ 

19.69 “ 

20.22 “ 

20.78 “ 

21.37 “ 

22.00 “ 
22.64 “ 

23.31 “ 


































38 


MISCELLANEOUS TABLES. 


BEVELS FOR BACKING HIP-RAFTERS IN A SQUARE ROOF. 

In f-pitch roofs take off about \ inch in 1 inch. 

In f-pitch roofs take off about £ inch in 1 inch. 

In 5 -pitch roofs take off about \ inch in 1 inch. 

In f-pitch roofs take off about £ inch in 1 inch. 

BEVELS FOR BACKING HIP-RAFTERS FOR AN OCTAGON 

ROOF. 

In f-pitch roofs take off about ^ inch in 1 inch. 

In J-pitch roofs take off about f inch in 1 inch. 

In f-pitch roofs take off about ^ inch in 1 inch. 

In f-pitch roofs take off about £ inch in 1 inch. 

FIGURES TO USE ON SQUARE TO CUT SHEATHING FOR 
SQUARE ROOFS. 



Top Cut. 

Edge Cut. 

1-pitch roof. 

* 

101X12 

10 X 12 

* 

5f X12 

6f X 12 
81X12 

10 X 12 

1 “ “. 


81X12 

61X12 




FIGURES TO USE ON SQUARE TO CUT SHEATHING FOR 
OCTAGON ROOF. 



Top Cut. 

Edge Cut. 

1-pit.ch roof. .. 

* 

4|X12 

41X12 

3f X 12 
21X12 

* 

21X12 

21X12 

31X12 

41X12 

* “ “ . 


£. « 1 « « 


* Side of square to use for cut. 


How much Shorter to Cut Cripple-rafters. — One- 
quarter pitch roof: 

They cut 13.5 inches shorter each time when spaced 12 
inches. 

They cut 18 inches shorter each time when spaced 16 inches. 
They cut 27 inches shorter each time when spaced 24 inches. 




















MISCELLANEOUS TABLES. 


39 


One-third pitch roof: 

They cut 14.4 inches shorter each time when spaced 12 
inches. 

They cut 19.2 inches shorter each time when spaced 16 
inches. 

They cut 28.8 inches shorter each time when spaced 24 
inches. 

One-half pitch roof: 

They cut 17 inches shorter each time when spaced 12 inches. 
They cut 22.6 inches shorter each time when spaced 16 
inches. 

They cut 34 inches shorter each time when spaced 24 inches. 
The following table shows the number of shingles required 
to a square and the surface 1000 shingles will cover. 


Exposure to 
the Weather 
in Inches. 

Number of Square Feet 
of Roof Covered by 

1000 Shingles. 

Number of Shingles Required 
for 100 Square Feet of Roof. 

Four Inches 
Wide. 

Six Inches 
Wide. 

Four Inches 
Wide. 

Six Inches 
Wide. 

4 

Ill 

167 

900 

600 

5 

139 

208 

720 

480 

6 

167 

250 

600 

400 

7 

194 

291 

514 

343 

8 

222 

333 

450 

300 


TABLE SHOWING SIZES OF SLATES, THE NUMBER OF PIECES 
IN A SQUARE, AND HOW MUCH SHOULD BE EXPOSED TO 
THE WEATHER ON THE ROOF, ALLOWING 3 INCHES LAP. 


Size of 
Slate. 

Number 
in Each 
Square. 

Exposed 

When 

Laid. 

Dis¬ 
tance of 
Lath. 

Size of 
Slate. 

Number 
in Each 
Square. 

Exposed 

When 

Laid. 

Dis¬ 
tance of 
Lath. 

Inches. 

21X14 

98 

Inches. 

10* 

10* 

Inches. 

16X10 

222 

Inches. 

6* 

6* 

24X12 

115 

10 * 

10* 

16X9 

247 

6* 

6* 

22X12 

126 

9* 

9* 

16X8 

277 

6* 

6* 

22X11 

138 

9* 

9* 

14X10 

261 

51 

5* 

20X12 

142 

8* 

8* 

14X8 

327 

5* 

5* 

20X10 

170 

8* 

8* 

14X7 

374 

5* 

5* 

18X12 

160 

7* 

7* 

12X8 

400 

4* 

4* 

18X10 

192 

7* 

7* 

12X7 

457 

4* 

4* 

18X9 

214 

7* 

7* 

12X6 

533 

4* 

4* 

16X12 

185 

6* 

6* 





























40 


MISCELLANEOUS TABLES. 


FIGURES TO USE ON THE SQUARE FOR RIGHT-ANGLE 
HOPPERS WITH MITRE-JOINTS. 


Slope of 
Sides of 
Hopper. 

Face Cut. 

Edge Cut. 

Slope of 
Sides of 
Hopper. 

Face Cut. 

Edge Cut. 

2 in 

12 

* 

Ilf X 12 

* 

2 X 12 

11 in 

12 

* 

84 X 12 

* 

8fX12 

3 “ 

12 

Ilf X 12 

2f X 12 

12 “ 

12 

8fX12 

84X12 

4 “ 

12 

111X12 

34 X 12 

13 “ 

12 

84 X 12 

84X12 

5 ‘ * 

12 

11 X 12 

4f X 12 

14 “ 

12 

74 X 12 

94X12 

6 “ 

12 

104 X 12 

5f X 12 

15 “ 

12 

74X12 

9fX12 

7 “ 

12 

101X12 

6 X 12 

16 “ 

12 

74X12 

9fX12 

8 “ 

12 

10 X 12 

6f X 12 

17 “ 

12 

7 X 12 

94X12 

9 “ 

12 

9f X 12 

74X12 

18 “ 

12 

6fX12 

10 X 12 

10 “ 

12 

9fX12 

74 X 12 


1 


* Side of square to use for cut. 


FIGURES TO USE ON THE SQUARE FOR RIGHT-ANGLE 
HOPPERS WITH BUTT-JOINTS. 


Slope of 
Sides of 
Hopper. 

Face Cut. 

Edge Cut. 

Slope of 
Sides of 
Hopper. 

Face Cut. 

Edge Cut. 

8 in 12 

9 “ 12 

10 “ 12 

11 “ 12 

12 “ 12 

13 “ 12 

14 “ 12 

15 “ 12 

16 “ 12 

* 

10 X 12 
9fX12 
94X12 

8| X 12 
84X12 
84X12 
74X12 
74X12 
74X12 

* 

144X12 

124 X 12 

114X12 

94X12 

84X12 

74X12 

64X12 

64X12 

54X12 

17 in 12 

18 “ 12 

19 “ 12 

20 “ 12 

21 “ 12 

22 “ 12 

23 “ 12 

24 “ 12 

* 

7 X 12 
64X12 
64X12 
64X12 

6 X 12 
54X12 
54X12 
54X12 

* 

5 X12 
44X12 

4 X 12 
34X12 
34X12 
34X12 

3 X 12 
24 X 12 


* Side of square to use for cut. 


To Find the Rise and Tread for Stairs. —A good rule 
for the height of the rise and width of tread of stairs is: Twice 
the rise plus the tread in inches should equal from 23 to 25 
inches, or subtract the sum of two risers from 24 inches, and 
the remainder will be the width of the tread 

The following table shows how many treads or risers there 
will be in any given distance. The dimensions of the rise or 
treads are given at the top of the table, and the number to the 
various distances are given at each side column of the table. 
































MISCELLANEOUS TABLES. 


41 


TABLE OF TREADS AND RISES. 


Number 

of 

Treads. 

6-in. 
Rise, 
Ft. In. 

61-in. 
Rise, 
Ft. In. 

61-in. 
Rise, 
Ft. In. 

61-in. 
Rise, 
Ft. In. 

7-in. 
Rise, 
Ft. In. 

71-in. 
Rise, 
Ft. In. 

71-in. 
Rise, 
Ft. In. 

71-in. 
Rise, 
Ft. In. 

1 


6 


61 


61 


61 


7 


71 


71 


7$ 

2 

1 

0 

1 

01 

1 

1 

1 

U 

1 

2 

1 

21 

1 

21 

1 

21 

3 

1 

6 

1 

61 

1 

71 

1 

81 

1 

9 

1 

91 

1 

91 

1 

101 

4 

2 

0 

2 

1 

2 

2 

2 

3 

2 

4 

2 

41 

2 

5 

2 

51 

5 

2 

6 

2 

71 

2 

81 

2 

91 

2 

11 

2 

HI 

3 

01 

3 

01 

6 

3 

0 

3 

U 

3 

3 

3 

41 

3 

6 

3 

61 

3 

71 

3 

8{ 

7 

3 

6 

3 

71 

3 

91 

3 

111 

4 

1 

4 

11 

4 

21 

4 

31 

8 

4 

0 

4 

2 

4 

4 

4 

6 

4 

8 

4 

9 

4 

10 

4 

11 

9 

4 

6 

4 

81 

4 

101 

5 

oi 

5 

3 

5 

41 

5 

51 

5 

61 

10 

5 

0 

5 

21 

5 

5 

5 

71 

5 

10 

5 

11 

6 

01 

6 

H 

11 

5 

6 

5 

8 1 

5 

111 

6 

21 

6 

5 

6 

61 

6 

71 

6 

91 

12 

6 

0 

6 

3 

6 

6 

6 

9 

7 

0 

7 

U 

7 

3 

7 

41 

13 

6 

6 

6 

91 

7 

01 

7 

01 

7 

7 

7 

81 

7 

101 

7 

HI 

14 

7 

0 

7 

31 

7 

7 

7 

101 

8 

2 

8 

31 

8 

51 

8 

71 

15 

7 

6 

7 

9f 

8 

H 

8 

51 

8 

9 

8 

101 

9 

01 

9 

21 

16 

8 

0 

8 

4 

8 

8 

9 

0 

9 

1 

9 

6 

9 

8 

9 

10 

17 

8 

6 

8 

101 

9 

21 

9 

61 

9 

11 

10 

11 

10 

31 

10 

51 

18 

9 

0 

9 

41 

9 

9 

10 

U 

10 

6 

10 

81 

10 

101 

11 

01 

19 

9 

6 

9 

101 

10 

31 

10 

81 

11 

1 

11 

31 

11 

51 

11 

81 

20 

10 

0 

10 

5 

10 

10 

11 

3 

11 

8 

11 

101 

12 

1 

12 

31 

21 

10 

6 

10 

HI 

11 

41 

11 

91 

12 

3 

12 

51 

12 

81 

12 

101 

22 

11 

0 

11 

51 

11 

11 

12 

41 

12 

10 

13 

01 

13 

31 

13 

61 

23 

11 

6 

11 

111 

12 

51 

12 

HI 

13 

5 

13 

71 

13 

101 

14 

U 

24 

12 

0 

12 

6 

13 

0 

13 

6 

14 

0 

14 

3 

14 

6 

14 

9 

25 

12 

6 

13 

01 

13 

61 

14 

01 

14 

7 

14 

101 

15 

U 

15 

41 

26 

13 

0 

13 

61 

14 

1 

14 

71 

15 

2 

15 

51 

15 

81 

15 

111 

27 

13 

6 

14 

01 

14 

71 

15 

21 

15 

9 

16 

01 

16 

31 

16 

71 

28 

14 

0 

14 

7 

15 

2 

15 

9 

16 

4 

16 

71 

16 

11 

17 

21 

29 

14 

6 

15 

H 

15 

81 

16 

31 

16 

11 

17 

21 

17 

61 

17 

91 

30 

15 

0 

15 

71 

16 

3 

16 

101 

17 

6 

17 

91 

18- 

U 

18 

51 


Number 

of 

Treads. 

71-in. 
Rise, 
Ft. In. 

71-in. 
Rise, 
Ft. In 

7f-in. 
Rise, 
Ft. In. 

71-in. 
Rise, 
Ft. In. 

8-in. 
Rise, 
Ft. In. 

81-in. 
Rise, 
Ft. In. 

81-in. 
Rise, 
Ft. In. 

1 


71 


71 


71 


71 


8 


81 

81 

2 

1 

3 

1 

31 

1 

31 

1 

31 

1 

4 

1 

41 

1 5 

3 

1 

101 

1 

101 

1 

111 

1 

HI 

2 

0 

2 

01 

2 H 

4 

2 

6 

2 

61 

2 

7 

2 

71 

2 

8 

2 

9 

2 10 

5 

3 

H 

3 

21 

3 

21 

3 

31 

3 

4 

3 

51 

3 61 

6 

3 

9 

3 

9! 

3 

101 

3 

111 

4 

0 

4 

H 

4 3 

7 

4 

41 

4 

51 

4 

61 

4 

71 

4 

8 

4 

91 

4 111 

8 

5 

0 

5 

1 

5 

2 

5 

3 

5 

4 

5 

6 

5 8 

9 

5 

71 

5 

81 

5 

91 

5 

101 

6 

0 

6 

21 

6 41 

10 

6 

3 

6 

41 

6 

51 

6 

61 

6 

8 

6 

101 

7 1 

11 

6 

101 

6 

HI 

7 

H 

7 

21 

7 

4 

7 

61 

7 91 

12 

7 

6 

7 

71 

7 

9 

7 

101 

8 

0 

8 

3 

8 6 

13 

8 

11 

8 

31 

8 

41 

8 

61 

8 

8 

8 

111 

9 21 

14 

8 

9 

8 

101 

9 

01 

9 

21 

9 

4 

9 

71 

9 11 

15 

9 

41 

9 

61 

9 

81 

9 

101 

10 

0 

10 

31 

10 71 































42 


MISCELLANEOUS TABLES, 


TABLE OF TREADS AND RISES—( Continued). 


1 Number j 
| of 

j Treads. 

71-in. 
Rise, 
Ft. In. 

7*-in. 
Rise, 
Ft. In. 

7i-in. 
Rise, 
Ft. In. 

! 3mm 

i r - 

1 8-in. 

Rise, 
Ft. In. 

81-in. 
Rise, 
Ft. In. 

81-in. 
Rise, 
Ft. In. 

16 

10 

0 

10 

2 

10 

4 

10 

6 

10 

8 

11 

0 

11 

4 

17 

10 

7* 

10 

9f 

10 

111 

11 

1* 

11 

4 

11 

81 

12 

01 

18 

11 

3 

11 

5* 

11 

7* 

11 

91 

12 

0 

12 

41 

12 

9 

19 

11 

10* 

12 

0£ 

12 

31 

12 

51 

12 

8 

13 

01 

13 

51 

20 

12 

6 

12 

8* 

12 

11 

13 

1* 

13 

4 

13 

9 

14 

2 

21 

13 


13 

4* 

13 

61 

13 

91 

14 

0 

14 

51 

14 

101 

22 

13 

9 

13 

lii 

14 

21 

14 

51 

14 

8 

15 

H 

15 

7 

23 

14 

41 

14 

71 

14 

101 

15 

11 

15 

4 

15 

91 

16 

31 

24 

15 

0 

15 

3 

15 

6 

15 

9 

16 

0 

16 

6 

17 

0 

25 

15 

7* 

15 

101 

16 

H 

16 

41 

16 

8 

17 

21 

17 

81 

26 

16 

3 

16 

61 

16 

91 

17 

01 

17 

4 

17 

101 

18 

5 

27 

16 

10* 

17 

11 

17 

51 

17 

81 

18 

0 

18 

61 

19 

1* 

28 

17 

6 

17 

9* 

18 

1 

18 

41 

18 

8 

19 

3 

19 

10 

29 

18 

H 

18 

51 

18 

81 

19 

01 

19 

4 

19 

Hi 

20 

61 

30 

18 

9 

19 

Of 

19 

41 

19 

81 

20 

0 1 

20 

71 

21 

3 


Number 

I °f 

j Treads. 

9-in. 
Rise, 
Ft. In. 

91-in. 
Rise, 
Ft. In. 

10-in. 
Rise, 
Ft. In. 

101-in. 
Rise, 
Ft. In. 

11-in. 
Rise, 
Ft. In. 

13-in. 
Rise, 
Ft. In. 

14-in, 
Rise, 
Ft. In. 

1 


9 


91 


10 


101 


11 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

1 

6 

1 

7 

1 

8 

1 

9 

1 

10 

2 

2 

2 

4 

3 

2 

3 

2 

41 

2 

6 

2 

71 

2 

9 

3 

3 

3 

6 

4 

3 

0 

3 

2 

3 

4 

3 

6 

3 

8 

4 

4 

4 

8 

5 

3 

9 

3 

HI 

4 

2 

4 

41 

4 

7 

5 

5 

5 

10 

6 

4 

6 

4 

9 

5 

0 

5 

3 

5 

6 

6 

6 

7 

0 

7 

5 

3 

5 

61 

5 

10 

6 

11 

6 

5 

7 

7 

8 

2 

8 

6 

0 

6 

4 

6 

8 

7 

0 

7 

4 

8 

8 

9 

4 

9 

6 

9 

7 

U 

7 

6 

7 

101 

8 

3 

9 

9 

10 

6 

10 

7 

(j 

7 

11 

8 

4 

8 

9 

9 

2 

10 

10 

11 

8 

11 

8 

3 

8 

81 

9 

2 

9 

71 

10 

1 

11 

11 

12 

10 

12 

9 

0 

9 

6 

10 

0 

10 

6 

11 

0 

13 

0 

14 

0 

13 

9 

9 

10 

31 

10 

10 

11 

41 

11 

11 

14 

1 

15 

2 

14 

10 

6 

11 

1 

11 

8 

12 

3 

12 

10 

15 

2 

16 

4 

15 

11 

3 

11 

101 

12 

6 

13 

11 

13 

9 

16 

3 

17 

6 

16 

12 

0 

12 

8 

13 

4 

14 

0 

14 

8 

17 

4 

18 

8 

17 

12 

9 

13 

51 

14 

2 

14 

101 

15 

7 

18 

5 

19 

10 

18 

13 

6 

14 

3 

15 

0 

15 

9 

16 

6 

19 

6 

21 

0 

19 

14 

3 

15 

01 

15 

10 

16 

71 

17 

5 

20 

7 

22 

2 

20 

15 

0 

15 

10 

16 

8 

17 

6 

18 

4 

21 

8 

23 

4 

21 

15 

9 

16 

71 

17 

6 

18 

41 

19 

3 

22 

9 

24 

6 

22 

16 

6 

17 

5 

18 

4 

19 

3 

20 

2 

23 

10 

25 

8 

23 

17 

3 

18 

21 

19 

2 

20 

H 

21 

1 

24 

11 

26 

10 

24 

18 

0 

19 

0 

20 

0 

21 

0 

22 

0 

26 

0 

28 

0 

25 

18 

9 

19 

91 

20 

10 

21 

101 

22 

11 

27 

1 

29 

2 

, 26 

19 

6 

20 

7 

21 

8 

■ 22 

9 

23 

10 

28 

2 

30 

4 

' 27 

20 

3 

21 

41 

22 

6 

23 

71 

24 

9 

29 

3 

31 

6 

28 

21 

0 

22 

2 

23 

4 

24 

6 

25 

8 

30 

4 

32 

8 

29 

21 

9 

22 

111 

24 

2 

25 

41 

26 

7 

31 

5 

33 

10 

30 

22 

6 

23 

9 

25 

0 

25 

3 

27 

6 

32 

6 

35 

0 




























MISCELLANEOUS TABLES. 


43 


SHORTEST LENGTH TO FRAME WELL, FOR STAIRS OF 
VARIOUS RISE AND TREAD, TO GIVE GOOD HEAD ROOM. 


Rise, 

Inches. 

Tread, 

Inches. 

Length of 
Well, 

Ft. Ins. 

7 

9 

10 1 

7 

10 

11 2 

7 

11 

12 3 

n 

9 

9 4 

n 

10 

10 4 

7i 

11 

11 4 

8 

8 

7 8 

8 

9 

8 8 


Rise, 

Inches. 

Tread, 

Inches. 

Length of 
Wed, 

Ft. Ins. 

8 

10 

9 6 

8 

11 

10 5 

8 * 

8 

7 8 

8 * 

9 

8 8 

81 

10 

9 6 

9 

7 

6 4 

9 

8 

7 0 

9 

9 

7 10 


TABLE GIVING NUMBER OF STUDS, JOISTS, ETC., TO A 
GIVEN RUN IN FEET, ALLOWING ONE TO START WITH 
AND ONE FOR EACH FRACTION OF A SPACE. 


Spacing of Studs, Joists, etc., in Inches, Centre to Centre. 


Kun in 
Feet. 

8 

12 

16 

18 

20 

24 

30 

36 

42 

48 

60 

72 

5 

9 

6 

4 

4 

4 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

2 


6 

10 

7 

5 

5 

5 

4 

4 

3 

3 

3 

3 

2 

7 

12 

8 

7 

6 

6 

5 

4 

4 

3 

3 

3 

3 

8 

13 

9 

7 

7 

6 

5 

5 

4 

4 

3 

3 

3 

9 

15 

10 

8 

7 

7 

6 

5 

4 

4 

4 

3 

3 

10 

16 

11 

9 

8 

7 

6 

5 

5 

4 

4 

3 

3 

11 

18 

12 

10 

9 

8 

7 

6 

5 

5 

4 

4 

3 

12 

19 

13 

10 

9 

9 

7 

6 

5 

5 

4 

4 

3 

13 

21 

14 

11 

10 

9 

8 

7 

6 

5 

5 

4 

4 

14 

22 

15 

12 

11 

10 

8 

7 

6 

5 

5 

4 

4 

15 

24 

16 

13 

11 

10 

9 

7 

6 

6 

5 

4 

4 

18 

28 

19 

15 

13 

12 

10 

9 

7 

7 

6 

5 

4 

20 

31 

21 

16 

15 

13 

11 

9 

8 

7 

6 

5 

5 

25 

39 

26 

20 

18 

16 

14 

11 

10 

9 

8 

6 

6 

30 

46 

31 

24 

21 

19 

16 

13 

11 

10 

9 

7 

6 

35 

54 

36 

28 

25 

22 

19 

15 

13 

11 

10 

8 

7 

40 

61 

41 

31 

28 

25 

21 

17 

15 

13 

11 

9 

8 

45 

69 

46 

35 

31 

28 

24 

19 

16 

14 

13 

10 

9 

50 

76 

51 

38 

35 

31 

26 

21 

18 

16 

14 

11 

10 


Example .—Find the number of studs required in a partition 
18 feet long, the studs being spaced 16 inches on centers. 

In the column of the table under, “ the run' in feet,” we find 
18, the length of the partition, and by following this line out to 
the column under 16, the distance on centers, we find 15, or 
the number of studs required. 































44 


MISCELLANEOUS TABLES. 


NUMBER OF SQUARE FEET, BOARD MEASURE, PER SQUARE 
OF VARIOUS SIZES OF FRAMING. 

1 Square 2X4. Framing 12 inches on centre. 67 sq. ft. 

1 Square 2X4. Framing 16 inches on centre. .... 54 sq. ft. 

1 Square 2X4. Framing 24 inches on centre. 34 sq. ft. 

1 Square 2X6 or 3X4. Framing 12 inches on centre.100 sq. ft. 

1 Square 2X6 or 3X4. Framing 16 inches on centre. 80 sq. ft. 

1 Square 2X6 or 3X4. Framing 24 inches on centre. 50 sq. ft. 

1 Square 2X8 or 4X4. Framing 12 inches on centre.134 sq. ft. 

1 Square 2X8 or 4X4. Framing 16 inches on centre.107 sq. ft. 

1 Square 2X8 or 4X4. Framing 24 inches on centre. 67 sq. ft. 

1 Square 2 X 10 or 4 X 5. Framing 12 inches on centre. . 167 sq. ft. 

1 Square 2 X 10 or 4 X 5. Framing 16 inches on centre. . , . 134 sq. ft. 

1 Square 2 X 10 or 4 X 5. Framing 24 inches on centre. . / 84 sq. ft. 

1 Square 2X12 or 3X8. Framing 12 inches on centre, .. 200 sq. ft. 

1 Square 2X 12 or 3X8. Framing 16 inches on centre ... 160 sq. ft. 

1 Square 2X 12 or 3X8. Framing 24 inches on centre .... 100 sq. ft. 

1 Square 2X14. Framing 12 inches on centra. 234 sq. ft. 

1 Square 2X14. Framing 16 inches on centra.187 sq. ft. 

1 Square 2X14. Framing 24 inches on centre.117 sq. ft. 

1 Square 2X16. Framing 12 inches on centre. 267 sq. ft. 

1 Square 2X16. Framing 16 inches on centre.214 sq. ft. 

1 Square 2X16. Framing 24 inches on centre.134 sq. ft. 

1 Square 2X18 or 3X12.Framing 12 inches on centre. 300 sq. ft. 

1 Square 2X18 or 3X12.Framing 16 inches on centre. 240 sq. ft. 

1 Square 2X18 or 3X12.Framing 24 inches on centre. . . . 150 sq. ft. 

1 Square 3 X 14. Framing 12 inches on centre. 350 sq. ft. 

1 Square 3X14. Framing 16 inches on centre. 280 sq. ft. 

1 Square 3X14. Framing 24 inches on centre.175 sq. ft. 

1 Square 3X16. Framing 12 inches on centre. 400 sq. ft. 

1 Square 3X16. Framing 24 inches on centre. 320 sq. ft. 

1 Square 3 X 16. Framing 24 inches on centre. 200 sq. ft. 


, For total measurements add to the amounts obtained from the above 
table sufficient for all double studs or joists. 

For larger-size joist or timbers double or add together two of the amounts 
given in the table to equal the size of timbers desired. 


RELATIVE WEIGHTS OF METALS. 

Cubic inches multiplied by: Cylindrical inches multiplied 


.263 =pounds of cast iron 
.281 = “ 1 ‘ wrought iron 

.283 = " “ steel 

.3225= “ “ copper 

.3037= “ “ brass 

.26 = “ “ zinc 

.4103= " “ lead 

.2636= “ “ tin 

.4908= 11 11 mercury 


by: 

.2065 = pounds of cast iron 
.2168= “ 11 wrought iron 

.2223= “ “ steel 

.2533= “ “ copper 

.2385= “ “ brass 

.2042= “ “ zinc 

.3223= “ “ lead 

.207 = “ “tin 

.3854= “ “ mercury 
















































DOORS, SASHES, AND BLINDS. 


45 


STOCK SIZES OF DOORS CARRIED BY DEALERS AND 
MANUFACTURERS. 


Ft. 

In. Ft. 

In. 

Thick. 

2 

0X6 

0 

1 

2 

4X6 

4 

i 

2 

6X6 

6 

i 

2 

0X6 

0 

fi¬ 

2 

6X6 

0 

ll- 

2 

4X6 

6 

fi 

2 

0X6 

6 

fi 

2 

2X6 

6 

fi 

2 

4X6 

6 

fi 

2 

6X6 

6 

fi 

2 

0X6 

8 

fi 

2 

2X6 

8 

fi- 

2 

4X6 

8 

fi 

2 

6X6 

8 

fi 

2 

8X6 

8 

fi 

2 

0X6 

0 

fi 

2 

4X6 

0 

fi 

2 

6X6 

0 

fi 

2 

8X6 

0 

fi 

2 

10X6 

0 

fi 

3 

0X6 

0 

fi 

2 

4X6 

4 

fi 

2 

0X6 

6 

fi 

2 

2X6 

6 

fi 

2 

4X6 

6 

fi 

2 

6X6 

6 

fi 

2 

8X6 

6 

fi 


Ft. 

In. Ft. 

In. 

Thick. 

2 

0X6 

8 

fi 

2 

2X6 

8 

fi 

2 

4X6 

8 

fi 

2 

6X6 

8 

fi 

2 

8X6 

8 

fi 

2 

10X6 

8 

fi 

3 

0X6 

8 

fi 

2 

0X6 

10 

fi 

2 

2X6 

10 

fi 

2 

4X6 

10 

fi 

2 

6X6 

10 

fi 

2 

8X6 

10 

fi 

2 

10X6 

10 

fi 

2 

0X7 

0 

fi 

2 

2X7 

0 

fi 

2 

4X7 

0 

fi 

2 

6X7 

0 

fi 

2 

8X7 

0 

fi 

2 

10X7 

0 

fi 

3 

0X7 

0 

fi. 

2 

0X7 

6 

fi 

2 

2X7 

6 

fi 

2 

4X7 

6 

fi 

2 

6X7 

6 

fi 

2 

8X7 

6 

fi 

2 

10X7 

6 

fi 

3 

0X7 

6 

fi 

2 

4X8 

0 

fi 

2 

6X8 

0 

fi 

2 

10X8 

0 

fi 

3 

0X8 

0 

fi 


Ft. 

In. Ft. 

In. Thick. 

2 

8X6 

8 

fi 

2 

10X6 

10 

fi 

2 

6X7 

0 

fi 

2 

8X7 

0 

fi 

2 

10X7 

0 

fi 

3 

0X7 

0 

fi 

2 

6X7 

6 

fi 

2 

8X7 

6 

fi¬ 

2 

10X7 

6 

ll 

3 

0X7 

6 

fi 

2 

6X8 

0 

fi 

2 

8X8 

0 

11 

2 

10X8 

0 

fi 

3 

0X8 

0 

fi 

3 

3X8 

0 

fi 

3 

6X8 

0 

fi 

4 

0X8 

0 

fi 

5 

0X8 

0 

fi 

2 

6X8 

6 

fi 

3 

0X8 

6 

fi 

3 

3X8 

6 

fi 

3 

6X8 

6 

fi 

4 

0X8 

6 

fi 

5 

0X8 

6 

fi 

3 

0X9 

0 

fi 

3 

3X9 

0 

fi 

3 

6X9 

0 

11 


Official Grades, Saslies, Doors, and Blinds, adopted 
by the Wholesale Sash, Door, and Blind Manufacturers’ Associa¬ 
tion of the Northwest, 1903. 

Doors. —AAA.— Oil-finish Doors .—Material for AAA: Oil- 
finish doors must be clear, no white sap admitted. Workman¬ 
ship must be good. 

AA. Oil-finish Doors. — Material forA A: Oil-finish doors 
must be clear, with the exception that white sap will be ad¬ 
mitted not to exceed twenty-five (25) per cent of the face 
of any one piece. Workmanship must be good. 

A. Doors. — Material in A: Doors must be clear, with the 
exception that water-stains and small pin-knots, not exceeding 
one-fourth (4) inch in diameter, may be admitted. No piece 
to contain more than two (2) such defects, and no door more 
than five (5) such defects on each side; white sap not con¬ 
sidered a defect. Workmanship must be good. 
































46 


DOORS, SASHES, AND BLINDS. 


B. Doors. — Material in B: Doors may contain knots not 
to exceed one (1) inch in diameter, and blue sap showing on 
both sides not to exceed fifty (50) per cent in any one piece 
of the door, and gum spots showing on one (1) side of a piece 
only, and other slight defects shall not exceed ten (10) in 
number on each side, and each white-pine stile, bottom and lock 
rail, must contain at least one (1), and not exceed three (3) 
such defects; plugs admitted and not regarded as a defect. 
Slight defects in workmanship admitted. 

C. Doors. — Material in C: Doors may contain all stained 
sap and small worm-holes and fine shake; also knots not ex¬ 
ceeding one and three-quarters (If) inches in diameter. Twenty 
(20) defects may be allowed on each side, also slight defects 
in workmanship. Each piece of white pine in a No. C door 
must contain a defect. Not more than six (6) defects allowed 
in any one piece. 

D. Doors .—D doors are regarded as a cull door, and must 
contain large coarse knots, and may contain rot, worm-holes, 
shake, and other serious defects. 

A standard door may be through tennon, blind tennon, or 
do welled. 

Windows. —Check rail windows may contain two (2) knots 
three-eighths (§) inch in diameter or one red knot five-eighths 
(f) inch in diameter in each piece of a window. White sap 
and not over thirty-three and one-third (33§) per cent blue 
sap may be admitted in any one window. Workmanship must 
be good. 

Plain rail windows and sash may contain blue sap and small 
knots. 

Blinds. —No. 1. Outside blinds must be made of clear 
lumber, except that small, sound pin-knots, water-stain, and 
white sap may be admitted. Workmanship must be good. 

Woods Admissible.— Woods other than Michigan, Wiscon¬ 
sin, and Minnesota white pine admitted in doors, blinds, and 
windows, except in oil-finish goods. 

The term “ sash” indicates a single piece. The term “ window ” 
means two pieces, an upper and a lower sash 

When measurements of sash are given in inches it usually 
indicates the glass size. 

When measuring for sashes, doors, mill-work, etc., always 
give the width first, then the height. 


SASH TABLES 


47 


SIZE, WEIGHT, ETC., OF GLAZED SASH. 
Two-light Windows. 

(S indicates single-strength glass; D, double-strength glass.) 


Inside Measurement of Frames. 


Chicago or 
Middle West 
Measurement. 


Width, Height, 
Ft. In. Ft. In. 


1 10 £ 


Oi 

2 £ 

4£ 

8 £ 

10 £ 

£ 

2 £ 

4£ 

6 £ 

8 £ 


1 10 £ 
2 0 £ 


2 £ 

4£ 

6 £ 


1 8 £ 
1 10 £ 
2 
2 
2 
2 
2 
1 


0 £ 
2 £ 
4£ 
6 £ 
8 £ 
8 £ 
1 10 £ 


0 £ 

2 £ 

4£ 

6 £ 

8 £ 

10 £ 


2 4£ 

2 6 £ 
2 8 £ 


4£ 

0 £ 


6 

6 

6 

6 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 


6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 

10 


Pacific Coast 
and Eastern 
Measurement. 


Width, 
Ft. In. 

Height, 
Ft. In. 

1 6 

1 8 

2 0 

1 8 

2 0 

2 0 

3 0 

3 6 

3 6 

4 0 

4 0 

4 6 























2 0 

2 2 

2 4 

2 6 

2 9£ 

3 0 

5 1 

5 1 

5 1 

5 1 

5 1 

5 1 













1 8 

5 9 

2 0 

2 2 

2 4 

2 6 

5 9 

5 9 

5 9 

5 9 

2 9f 

3 0 

3 6 

4 0 

4 6 

5 9 

5 9 

5 9 

5 9 

5 9 





1 8 

2 0 

2 2 

2 4 

| 2 6 
l 

6 5 

6 5 

6 5 

6 5 

6 5 


lick- 

less. 

Weights 
Re¬ 
quired, 
Lbs. 
Two to 
Each 
Sash. 

Thick¬ 

ness 

of 

Glass. 

Size of 
Glass. 

l£ 

3 

S 

14 X 15£ 

l£ 

3£ 

S 

16 X 18£ 

l£ 

3£ 

s 

20 X 18£ 

l£ 

4 

s 

1GX21£ 

i£ 

4 

s 

20X2l£ 

B 

4 

s 

20X24£ 

1£ 

4 

s 

18X24 

1£ 

4 

s 

20X24 

l£ 

4£ 

s 

22X24 

1£ 

4£ 

s 

24X24 

1£ 

4 

s 

16X26 

1£ 

4 

s 

18X26 

1£ 

4£ 

s 

20X26 

1£ 

4£ 

s 

22X26 

1£ 

5 

s 

24X26 

1£ 

5 

s 

26X26 

1£ 

4 

s 

16X28 

b 

4 

s 

18X28 

1£ 

4£ 

s 

20X28 

B 

4+ 

s 

22X28 

1£ 

5 

s 

24X28 

B 

6 

s 

26X28 

B 

6£ 

s 

30X28 

1£ 

8 

s 

32X28 

B 

4 

s 

16X30 

1£ 

4£ 

s 

18X30 

B 

4£ 

s 

20X30 

1£ 

5 

s 

22X30 

1£ 

5£ 

s 

24X30 

1£ 

6 

s 

26X30 

1£ 

6£ 

s 

28X30 

1£ 

5£ 

s 

16X32 

B 

5£ 

s 

18X32 

l£ 

5£ 

s 

20X32 

1£ 

6 

s 

22X32 

B 

6 

s 

24X32 

b 

6£ 

s 

26X32 

\\ 

7 

s 

23X32 

1£ 

7£ 

s 

30X32 

1£ 

9 

D 

32X32 

1£ 

10£ 

D 

38X32 

1£ 

12 

D 

44X32 

1£ 

13 

D 

50X32 

B 

6£ 

s 

24X34 

B 

7 

s 

26X34 

1 £ 

7£ 

s 

28X34 

B 

5£ 

s 

16X36 

B 

6 

s 

20X36 

B 

6 

s 

22X36 

B 

6£ 

s 

24X36 

B 

7£ 

s 

26 X 36 























































48 


SASH TABLES. 


SIZE, WEIGHT. ETC'., OF GLAZED SASH— ( Continued). 
Two-light Windows. 


Inside Measurement of Frames. 

Thick¬ 

ness. 

W eights 
Re¬ 
quired, 
Lbs. 
Two to 
Each 
Sash. 

Thick¬ 

ness 

of 

Glass. 

Size of 
Glass. 

Chicago or 
Middle West 
Measurement. 

Pacific Coast 
and Eastern 
Measurement. 

Width, 
Ft. In. 

Height, 
Ft. In. 

Width, 
Ft. In. 

Height, 
Ft. In. 

2 10* 

6 

6 

2 

9f 

6 

5 

1* 

8 

S 

30X36 




3 

0 

6 

5 

B 

10 

D 

32X36 




3 

6 

6 

5 

B 

12 

D 

38X36 




4 

0 

6 

5 

B 

14 

D 

44X36 




4 

6 

6 

5 

B 

16 

D 

50X36 




5 

0 

6 

5 

B 

18 

D 

56 X 36 

2 4* 

6 

10 





B 

7* 

S 

24X38 

2 6* 

6 

10 



B 

7? 

s 

36X38 



2 

0 

7 

1 

1 

6 

s 

20X40 




2 

2 

7 

1 

1 

6 

s 

22X40 

2 4* 

7 

2 

2 

4 

7 

1 

1 

7 

s 

24X40 

2 6* 

7 

2 

2 

6 

7 

1 

1 

7 

s 

26X40 

2 10* 

7 

2 

2 

9 

7 

1 

1 

8 

s 

30X40 




3 

0 

7 

1 

1 

10 

D 

32X40 




3 

6 

7 

1 

1 

13 

D 

38X40 




4 

0 

7 

1 

1 

15 

D 

44X40 




4 

6 

7 

1 

l 

18 

D 

50X40 




5 

0 

7 

1 

1 

18 

D 

56X40 


Four-light Windows. 


2 1 

3 10 



2 5 

3 10 



2 1 

4 2 



2 5 

4 2 



2 1 

4 6 



2 5 

4 6 



2 9 

4 6 



2 11 

4 6 



2 1 

4 10 



2 5 

4 10 



2 9 

4 10 



2 11 

4 10 



2 1 

5 2 



2 5 

5 2 

2 4 

5 1 



2 6 

5 1 

2 9 

5 2 



2 11 

5 2 

2 n 

5 1 

2 1 

5 6 



2 5 

5 6 

2 4 

5 5 



2 6 

5 5 

2 9 

5 6 



2 11 

5 6 

2 9f 

5 5 

2 1 

5 10 



2 5 

5 10 

2 4 

5 9 



2 6 

5 9 

2 9 

5 10 



2 11 

5 10 

2 9| 

5 9 

2 1 

6 2 




b 

4 

S 

10X20 

If 

4 

S 

12X20 

11 

4 

S 

10 X 22 

If 

4* 

S 

12X22 

11 

4 

s 

10X24 

B 

4£ 

s 

12X24 

B 

5 

s 

14X24 

B 

5£ 

s 

15X24 

B 

4£ 

s 

10X26 

B 

5 

s 

12X26 

B 

6 

s 

14X26 

B 

6 

s 

15X26 

B 

H 

s 

10X28 

B 

5 

s 

12X28 

B 

5£ 

s 

13X28 

B 

6 

s 

14X28 

B 

6* 

s 

15X28 

B 

5 

s 

10X30 

B 

5£ 

s 

12X30 

B 

5£ 

s 

13X30 


6£ 

s 

14X30 

B 

6£ 

s 

15X30 

B 

5£ 

s 

10X32 

B 

6£ 

s 

12X32 

B 

6£ 

s 

13X32 

B 

7 

s 

14X32 

B 

7* 

s 

15 X 32 

B 

6 

s 

10X34 



















































SASH TABLES, 


49 


SIZE. WEIGHT, ETC.. OF GLAZED SASH—( Continued ). 
Four-light Windows, 


Inside Measurement of Frames. 


Chicago or 
Middle West 
Measurement. 






Width, 

Height, 

Ft. 

In. 

Ft 

In. 

2 

5 

6 

2 

2 

9 

6 

2 

2 

11 

6 

2 

2 

1 

6 

6 

2 

5 

6 

6 

2 

9 

6 

6 

2 

11 

6 

6 

2 

5 

6 

10 

2 

9 

6 

10 

2 

11 

6 

10 

2 

5 

7 

2 

2 

9 

7 

2 

2 

11 

7 

2 


Pacific Coast 
and Eastern 
Measurement. 

Width, 
Ft. In. 

Height, 
Ft. In. 









2 4 

2 6 

6 5 

6 5 

2 n 

6 5 





2 4 

2 6 

7 1 

7 1 

2 9* 

7 1 


Thick¬ 

ness. 

Weights 

Re 

quired, 
Lbs. 
Two to 
Each 
Sash. 

Thick¬ 

ness 

of 

Glass. 

Size of 
Glass. 

B 

6* 

S 

12X34 

B 

71 

S 

14X34 

B 

71 

s 

15X34 

B 

6 

s 

10X36 

B 

61 

s 

12X36 

B 

7 

s 

13X36 

B 

71 

s 

14X36 

B 

8 

s 

15X36 

B 

71 

s 

12X38 

B 

8 

s 

14X38 

B 

81 

s 

15X38 

B 

7 

s 

12X40 

B 

7 

s 

13X40 

B 

71 

s 

14X40 

B 

8 

s 

15X40 
















































50 


SASH TABLES. 


SIZE. WEIGHT, ETC., OF GLAZED SASH — {Continued). 
Twelve-light Windows. 



Inside Measurement of Frames. 













Weights 











Be- 



Chicago or 

Pacific Coast 

Thick- 

quired. 

Thick- 


Middle West 

and Eastern 

ness 

1 .hs. 

ness 

Measurement. 

Measurement, 

of 

Two to 

of 









Sash. 

Each 

Glass. 










Sash. 


Width, 

Height, 

Width, 

Height, 




Ft 

. In. 

Ft. 

In 

Ft. 

In. 

Ft. 

In. 




2 

44 

3 

10 





H 

4 

S 

2 

44 

4 

6 



14 

4 

S 

2 

74 

4 

6 

2 

6* 

4 

5 

14 

44 

S 

2 

104 

4 

6 

2 

n 

4 

5 

14 

5 

S 

2 

74 

4 

10 

2 

64 

4 

9 

14 

5 

s 

2 

74 

5 

2 





14 

54 

s 

2 

104 

5 

2 

2 

9f 

5 

1 

14 

54 

s 

3 

44 

5 

2 





14 

6 

s 




2 

9f 

5 

5 

14 

6 

s 

2 

74- 

5 

10 





14 

6 

s 

2 

104 

5 

10 

2 

94 

5 

9 

14 

6 

s 

3 

44 

5 

10 

3 

34 

5 

9 

14 

74 

s 

2 

104 

6 

6 

2 

94 

6 

5 

14- 

64 

s 

3 

44 

6 

6 

3 

34 

6 

5 

14 

8 

s 





2 

94 

7 

1 

14 

74 

s 





3 

34 

7 

1 

14 

84 

s 





3 

34 

7 

9 

14 

9 

s 





3 

34 

8 

5 

14 

10 

s 


Size of 
Glass. 


8X 10 
8X12 
9X 12 
10X 12 
9X 13 
9X 14 
10X 14 
12 X 14 
10X 15 
9X 16 
10X 16 
12X 16 
10X 18 
12X18 
10X20 
12X20 
12X22 
12X24 


EXCAVATION TABLES. 

The following tables on pages 51 to 56 give the cubical con¬ 
tents in yards for each foot in depth of various excavations. 

Example .—Find the number of yards in a cellar 24X40 feet, 
8 feet deep: On page 54 we find 40 in the column of length, 
then follow this line out to the column under 24, the width, 
where we find 35.5, or 35.5 cubic yards for each foot of depth; 
multiplying this by 8 we have the cubical contents of the 
cellar as 284 cubic yards. 






















NUMBER OF CUBIC YARDS IN AN EXCAVATION OR CELLAR TO EACH FOOT IN DEPTH 

From 2X6 to 30X35. 


EXCAVATION TABLES 


51 


JS +S 

<V 

bO <D 

0> 

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ID 


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CD 

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NUMBER OF CUBIC YARDS IN AN EXCAVATION OR CELLAR TO EACH FOOT IN DEPTH— {Continued). 
___From 2 X 6 to 30 X 35 . 

Width in Feet. I 


52 


f 


EXCAVATION TABLES. 


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*-< 00 In IN *0 r)" CO CM t-h 00 t>» CO lO Tf* CO CM H 05 CO i<0 Tf CO CM i-i 

OONCCCG050r-icicO't‘OcDONc0 05 0>HC^cO'^TfiOcONoooicr-i 


CO j r ^ OGOOl ° co <^ ONO^CO^ OSCOO^CMrt CO CO CO CM r—i 05 

W I ^^ONooCidrHr-icMCO^odsSoOOiOrH^WWT^iCcDNocoiai 

1 1 H 't-Ht—it—it—,, ,r-HTf— it— i CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM 


05 lO CO T—i 05 I s - Tf CM oot^**oco 


OC *0 CO 


’’T tO CO IN CO OO 05 o 


OOO ^r-OlXNO 


CMC0C0Tfi0ON00C005OrH0)(MC0^fl0i0t0N00 

rir-,rtT-iHHriT-i f -i r - 1 ^CM(NCM(NCUN(N(N'N(N 


^ I CO CM OC LO CM COO-^CO NiCcOr-i05 0COrH IN^OCO OO CO CM 

| ^iOcbt^i>^o6o5od^cMcoTh^iocdt-tNod.oidr-H^cMeo^^\oco^ 

r " _ * r ' — ' 1—1 T ~^ T ~~' 1 ' T ~ —| T ~' r— ' T— "* r "~' * cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm cm 


^fMOO-rt^GO^CO GO CO » i CO *0 CO t^xtiCM N^CMO)N^rHa 

^id^dNOCo6o5d^THC^CO^ , Tt'iOcONNo6o5odr-I<N(^WTfiOiO 

^-, T -, r -,T-i r ^,-HT-« T -^ T -,,-, T -< r -, T -, (:s , (:NICS1(;sj<;s|(;s|CSJ CMCM 


CM 05 CO CO N^r-, 00^01050 ^t^^o^oo^oco NcOr-NiOCM 050 


^rfiOONNxooOr-irHWCO't^iO^cCNooOiodrHdcvicOCO-f 

I y—t T—I r—i r—1 T-^ r—i t— i t —1 r—i t— i r—1 r—( t—( r—I CM CM CM CM CM CM CM 


a? j CDco 50 ^ °co t-co t^co CO t-co 

rH ! ^^OcDC0l>00 0C05OO^.^CM*dTH^dc0c0*t-*000605’oO^CMCM‘d 

r-imnm MTnT -,„„„T-ir-irtHHCMCMCMCM!NCM 


COrti Ncoo5«OrHoo^ rt Ncod5iOcoco^^Neo Ncooo^r-,s^ 
CO-t^^doNcOOOOJOO-THcqcOCO-fOiOcdNNoooOOiddr-fM 


•+J a; 
bo a; 
cfc 
a> 

*-1.2 


cct^aca joh 


rtriHHHnnnWNNNNNNN NWCOWWWOC: 












































































































EXCAVATION TABLES. 53 


"B 

<u 

£ 

•<s 

£ 

o 


O 


ffi 

H 

0. 

W 

Q 

X 

i—i 

O 

O 

P=< 

w 

o 

< 

w 

o 

H 

Pi 

< 

o 

oi 

o 

£ 

o 

hh 

H 

X 

> 

< 

O 

X 

w 

X 

X 

X 

I—( 


>d 

o 

X 

o 

CO 

O 

h 

o 

CO 

X 

§ 

o 

£ 

fct 


ra 

A 

Pi 

-< 

o 

i—i 

PQ 

& 

O 

Ph 

o 

Pi 

w 

CQ 

a 

P 

X 


Length 
in Feet. 

cc^Qoa^c^^co^ioco^xc^OH^co^ioco^GeaoH^eo^io 

COCOCOCO^^^^^t^tTfTt<Tti^ioiC^O»CiO‘C»0^*OiOCC'COC£iCOCOCO 

Width in Feet. 

- 1 COOiiO^Ht^-COOO^ COCvJOO^t-C'Qi^^t^.CO CD 05 00 rf< to N COOCiO 

| . • .... . 

T"1 1 -‘'-'MCOCO^^iO'sOXNNOCOSOiCO^WNCOCO^iOtOOONNOO 

1 05 CM <>4 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 

‘Ot-hcDOJF-CCGC^CAlO C TH ^ CO iO’H«D(NNWCXD^ »Qh 

1 . - .... . . . . 

rH 1 OO—'rHC^WCOCO"t' , ttCCDCNNXCCa500T-''-'(^(^cocO'tiOiOCO 

1 O5O5O5O5O5O505O5O5O5O5O5O505O5O5O5O5COC0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0C0CO 

1 O^t^CSJl^C^t^C^t^C^OCCOOCCOOCCCO’rt- lOr^CrHCCrHlOHOiHS 

I ..* ••! • « • 

rH 1 OOO^O3OO^^MCOCOW T t'^iOiCO0NOCCCOOOO’H^wc^COCO 
j 1-1 *—t T—1 05 05 05 05 CM 05 05 CM 05 05 05 CM 05 05 CM 04 05 CM 05 CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 

1 COXCOCO<NNC<lNrH^n^^O »0 *C lOO^OO^OOCOOOCO 

CO 1.-., 

T-H | NNCOGOaiOOOrH^C^'MCOCO^TtiOiOCCNNNCOCCa'-OiOO'i 
r HT-HT-H,-HT-HT-H05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05C s 505COCOCO 

1 ^ O0 CO N rH O lO 05 ^ X CO N r-uO **f O CO OC 05 CD lO OP CO OP 

I »•*#»• • *••»..•• • t * * 

rH 1 ^0 4 'Cc0NNXCCa5a5 05OOr-<rHC<I0JC0C0^'t’^»0»0CcCNNNXX 

I T—t T-i ,-H r-H r-H t-H r-1 t-H t-H T-H 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 

1 CD ^XWCOHiOQ'tN’HiOOCONrHkO ^ GC 05 CD rt X(MN ift 

H I . . . ... 

rH 1 ^‘0i0i0Oi0NNNXX050505OO'Hn(MCi(MC0C0Tf^Hi0i0OcC 

I r1rHrinrH^THrHTHr-tM^lTHr-l(M01C^OJC^0101(NOi(N(M(N(N(N(N(N 

1 CO F- ^ X Cl lO 05 (N O C© ~h ^ GO 05 CD -t Nrnio 05’05 CC 05 CO CO 

O 1 -. • . ... ... 

rH 1 CJ(MTt<TtHi0‘Oi0i0c0NNNXX00 05 05OOO^»Hr-(M0JMXX'^ 

1 T-H r—1 1 —1 i—1 r-H r—1 r-H r—1 r—1 r—I r-H r—i 1 —1 t-H t-H t— 1 r—1 t-h 04 OJ 04 04 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 

CO CO coco COCO COCO coco coo coo coo coo coo 

^ 1 C5C5C5COCOCO^'t^iO»GiOOOONNNXXX0505a5COOHrHrH 

1 HHHHHHHHHHr-irtHHHrHHHrHr^rii-'i—iriC5C5C4C5C4M 

1 OO5C5iOC0^rf-N C0005C5iOXH-*tN CO O O ^ ^ N CO CD OP 05 

rf\ I. ........ • • •' ... 

^ 1 OOrHHHC5C5C5COCOCOCO^^^iOtO»OOOOONNNXXOOX05 

| 1—( t-H T— 1 t-H t—( r-H T— 1 i-H t-H r-H r-H r-H r— 1 r-H r-H r-H t-H r-H i-H t— i i-H t—i r—» t-h r-H r-H r—i t— 1 i-H t-H 

1 COOXHCOOXHCOOC5H^t>.05rHitN CO lO GO CO iO CO CO lO CO 

1 • • • • .. - • • • • • 

*■ 1 0505050000HiHrHHC5C5C5C5COCOCO’f^^^iO»OiOiOOOOO 

t-H t-H r-H t-H t-H t-H t-H r-H t-H t-H t-H t-H t-H t-H t-H t-H t-H t-H t-H r-H t-h t—( r-H T-H t-H r-H t-H 

OJ^fCDaO CO iO OCl^OX^COtON 05 rf O CO CO *0 05 05 ^ 

eft 1 • ■ • 1 * . 

w 1 C50 00 OO GO X 05 05 05 05 05 O O O O 1—1 T—1 ^h T—( 05 05 05 05 05 CO CO CO CO CO ^ t+* 

t— i i-H t-H t-H t-h < t-h t-H t-H t-H t— 1 r-H r-H t— i t— 1 r-H t-H t-h t-H t-H 

| • 

O GO 05 ^ O 05 r-H CO O t'- 05 rH 05 CO O CO 05^CCNO5 thXiOC0X 

CO^NNNNNNXXXOOXG505C5C5050000 00HrHrHTHTH05 

T-H T-H T-H t-h T-h T-H t-H T-h t-h T-h T-h T-H 

CO iO GO GO OP t-h 05 cO vO l>- GO ^X^ONC5 05 CO»OCDOOOPt-h05COiOCD 

i0i0t0i0i0’Oc0c0c0OCNNNNNNNX0000XXC0000505O5G505 

^-H05CO^fLOCOt^COCP^05CO^iOCOI N -CT> ▼-< 05 CO iD ‘-O CD 1"^ OP t-h 

CO ... 

't’t'^rfTtTfrjHTfT^rfioiOiOiOiCiOiOiOOCDCOCOCcDCCOCONNN 

0* 

CD t>- GO GO OP THrH^Xrf-fK!)tOCDNXC5 t— i h! C5 X CO rf iO O CD N X 

05 05 05 05 05 CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO ^ tH Tt« rt< r*i h* ^ rt< 

Length 
in Feet. 

or^xciOTHoxro^»0)COr^xaic^^o>co^^cftf>*x^o^ft>co^io» 

COCOCOCO^^^^^^^^^^^O^O^O^iO^tOiiCiCiCCDCCCCCOCDC 



















































54 


EXCAVATION TABLES 


3 

S 

■<s> 

i 

o 

O 


X 

H 

Oh 

w 

Q 


H 

O 

o 

Oh 

X 

O 

< 

W 

o 

Eh 

X 

< . 
►Jjn 

M X 

Sg 

X ° 
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co 

co 

ox 

H 5 

<3Pi 

o 

X 

W 

X 

<3 


m 

Q 

Pi 

<3 

X 

O 

►—i 

ffl 

D 

O 

O 

Pi 

K 

CQ 

5 

6 

X 


-e a? 
cuD a; 

c(h 

<D 

^ 0 


F 

a> 

a; 


-d 

F 

"a 


O 

CO 


a 


GC 

Of 


c* 


C0l'*aCtf>CiHWeGH<*O$O*^GeOOTH*ieftH<*flS0t > »OOCi©TH**eO<tf*G 

C003C0C0'H , HH'HiTt<TtiH^HiHit0isio*O*0*0*0i0*0*0<DC0<DCDOC0 


JO F 

4-5 0 ) 

bn a) 

C Cih 

a.' 

fs 


C^W'tiO^NCCOi-iC^CO^'iOCNOS 


WCC^tiOONCOOlrHCQ 


O"*<C^C0'^i0ON0005rH(>JC0Tt-i0ON05O’HC^e0'^i0CCNC0C5^Cl 

^ i, tTji^Tf^^T}'Tj-'^ioi^iO‘OiOiOiOiOCO?OCO , dOCOOOCOCNN 


ONOO 05 05 


(NCO'^rjaCCDNNOOO 


c^coFtococor^05 


^92H^5 ,l ° ONG0050THCv3COr ^ , ^^ 0 O^OHHClCO^iOC)NOOO 
CO CO F FFFFFFFF*0*0*0»0*OtO*OtO*OCOCOCOCCCOCOCOCOCOCO 


COCC^^iOiO»OOcOONl>»NOOOOOOa5Cl 


<M CX| CX| co CO F 


E^2S2m^£2l£ loo,: ^ GOO::0 ^ H,:s,c ' :>T * ,< ^i^ 0 o < ^OT-ic'3coM<iocct>. 

COCOC r 5^fr}irtirtiT}i’^^rt'TfirriOlOiOiOiOiO^OiO*OCOOCCOCDCOCDCO 


SgtrSSSSnSJSSltiS^^oS^^^^^^^'o^oo^oiFcxieoFto 

CO CO CO CO F FFFFFFFFFtOtOtOtO»OLOiOtOtOtOCOCOCOCOCOCD 


CD 

co iO 

tO to 

to 

F 

F F 

co 

co 

CO 

CXI 

T—1 

T-H 

t-H 

T-H 




05 

05 

oo 

oo 

00 




co 

CO 

to 

D* 

F tO 

co r- 

GO 

05 

O 

CXI 

co 

F 

*o 

CO 

L- 

oo 

05 

o 

_ 

CXI 

CXI 

co 

F 

to 

CO 


oo 

05 

o 


cx» 


CO CO 

CO CO 

co 

co 

F rf 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

*F 

F 

F 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

co 

co 

CO 

*D 

1 

CO CXI 

t-H 


05 

O 0 co 


CO 

to 

F 

CO 

co 

CXI 

T-H 




05 

oo 



CO 

to 

to 

F 

CO 

CXI 



CO F 

to CO 



00 05 

o 

TH 

CXI 

CO 

F 

to 

o 


oo 

05 

o 

o 

T-H 

CXI 

CO 

F 

to 

CO 


cr 

<F 

o 


CO CO 

co co 

co 

CO 

co co 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

"F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

CO 

H* 

00 

L- CO 

lO 

F 

CO CXI 

’—I 


oo 


CO 

to 

F 

co 

CXI 

T-H 


05 


co 

to 

F 

CO 

o* 

t-H 


00 


d* 

CXI (M 

CO F 

to 

CO 

co 

05 

o 

o 

r—H 

CM 

co 

F 

to 

co 


oo 

oo 

05 

o 

T-H 

CX} 

co 

F 

to 

<*P 

cc 

fs. 


co co 

co co 

CO 

CO 

CO CO 

CO 

TT 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

e* 

co lO 
• 

CO—* 


00 

IX- to 

F 

CX| 

T-H 

05 

oo 

CO 

to 

CO 

CXI 

T-H 


co 

CO 

F 

co 

CX| 


05 

oo 

co 

F 

CO 

« 

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CXI co 

F 

F 

to co 

!>. 

CO 

05 

05 

o 



co 

F 

to 

co 

CO 


oo 

05 

o 



m 

m 



CO CO 

CO CO 

CO 

CO 

CO CO 

CO 

co 

CO 

co 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

« 

CO- 
. . 

05 00 

CO 

F 

CXI 

oo 

CO 

F 

CO 

T—H 

05 

IX- 

to 

CO 

T ^ 


00 

CO 

F 

CXI 


oo 

CO 

to 

CO 

y— 1 

05 

N 

05 o 

O 1-H 

Ol 

co 

F to 

to 

CO 


CO 

05 

05-0 


CXI 

co 

F 

F 

to 

CO 

lx^ 

on 

on 

05 

<—5 




CXI CO 

CO CO 

CO 

co 

CO CO 

CO 

CO 

co 

CO 

co 

co 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

to 

to 

tb 

to 

rH 


to CO 

T-H 

CO 

CO F 

CXI 


n- 

to 

CO 

T-H 

oc 

CO 

F 

CXI 


oo 

to 

CO 

T-H 

05 

CO 

F 

CXI 


r- 

to 

w 

OO O0 

05 0 

— 

T— 

CXI CO 

F 

to 

to 

CO 

L- 

co 

co 

05 

o 

T-H 

CXI 

CXI 

CO 

F 

to 

to 

CO 


m 

m 


<—) 

CX| <M 

CXJ co 

CO 

CO 

CO CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

co 

CO 

CO 

co 

co 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

to 

o 

co co 

T-H 05 

CO 

CO 

T-H 05 

CO 

co 


oc 

to 

CO 


CO 

to 

co 



F 

T-H 

05 

CO 

F 

T-H 

05 

CO 

F 


D* 

co 

oo oo 

05 

o 

t— t-H 

CXI 

CO 

F 

F 

to 

CO 


1^ 

oo 

05 

o 

o 

T-H 

CXI 

CXJ 

CO 

F 

to 

in 


N 

(X) 

CXI CX| 

CXI CXI 

CXI 

CO 

co co 

CO 

co 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

co 

CO 

CO 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

. 

CO 

r— f 

▼—1 

oc 

to CXI 

05 

CO 

co 


00 

to 

— 

oo 

to 

CXI 



F 

t-H 

00 

to 

cxi 

05 

co 

CX| 

05 


rH 

to co 

CO L- 

oo 

CO 

05 O 

o 

1— —H 

CX) 

CO 

CO 

F 

to 

to 

CO 


oo 

oo 

05 

o 

o 


CXJ 

CXI 

CO 

F 

F 

to 


CXI CXI 

CXI CXI 

CXI 


CXI co 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

co 

CO 

CO 

co 

co 

CO 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

QO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 


CO 

CO 


co 

co 


CO 

co 


CO 

CO 


CO 

CO 


CO 

CO 


CO 

CO 

tH 

F F 

to CO 

CO 


oo rr 

nx 

05 

<ro 

t—« 

CM 

r>-> 

CO 

-4- 

H+* 

to 

CO 

CO 

h- 

cr 

cr 

05 

o 

o 

T— 

CX* 

Cxi 

CO 


CXI CXI 

CXI CXI 

CXI 

CXI 

CXI CXI 

CM 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

co 

CO 

co 

CO 

co 

CO 

CO 

CO 

co 

co 

CO 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 

F 


CO Ol 05 lO *—' 1 b'- F CO 05 tO CX| CO F t^»CO CO OQ CO to t-h t>. CO CO CXJ 05 

i—i r<l OO — ic c N N on 05 o O -H ^ (M M *+- •h-’ ^ co k! K c^’ Oi Cb C o 
C^C^(MCS|C^(MCQ<M<MCSICS»<MCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOeOCOCO^^ 


co?>*QcaiO^^>cc , ^»^^r'GC^<^^^ec^iccP'r^ar)cy>Ci^ev>A^^ir» 






































































NUMBER OF CUBIC YARDS IN AN EXCAVATION OR CELLAR TO EACH FOOT IN DEPTH— {Continued.). 

From 31 X 36 to 50 X 65 . 


EXCAVATION TABLES 


55 


<D 


bfi 0 
CMh 




OF 

^35COXWN^NWOH?Oh® lO lO iO 03 O Tf< 00 CO GO CO GO CO 

CO Tt< O N- Oi> O 03 CO iO CO OO O rn 03 ’ttONXO^C3'^iONCOO^CO’tO 
lOiOiOOiOOCOOcOO^OtN.NNNNNOOQOOOOOOOOOOOdOJCiCiOJ 

. 

39 

i0aC000C3«0’“'i0O’^00C000C3O iO rf 00 CO 03 CO lOO^CO 

C3^^0NOOC3COTfON0003COiOO(X)0500lCOiOCOCOOOOICO 

i0‘0O‘Ci0i0^ )<: ^Oc0C0iCCNNNh*h-NNC0X0000G0000005C5a5 

X 

CO 

N-Hi005CON^005CON^i005CONHio ^ 00 03 O ^00C3O 

OdCO^^rs.OOHCO’^^NOOO^CO'^ONOOOrHCO^iONCOO^ 

lOiOiOiOiOiOO'OOOCOO'.OONC^Nu.NND'XCOOOOOCOCOCOOai 

37 

WN^iOC5C30 *^NHi0 00C3OC0(MCD . CON r-i Ol C3 iO 05 CO O 

OOMCO’^ONOO'HCO’^iONOOO’HlM'^iOOCCOiOMCO'^CONO 

r}iiOiOOiOiO‘O l O'OOCOOcOOCOCONI>NNNNl>GOCOXOOCOCOGO 


a> 

fa 


-d 

-d 
• —* 


<0 

CO 


co u- 


CO L- 


CO L- 


CO L- CO N- COt^ CON- CO N- CO 


OOOiOCIW^ONOOO^M^iOOOO^OINCO^CNCOOHW^iOO 
rt< ^»OOiOtOiOiOiOCO^OCOcDCD'>OOOl>D.NNNl>r>*XCOCOCOXCO 


10 

CO 


co oo 


Tt* N- MOOJCliOOOH^N COOdCDCN 'tNOM 


i^OOOOH'^’^iONOOOSOiNjCO'^ONGOOH^COiOCONpHr-jN^ 

Tti^'^*OiOiOiO*OiOiO*OOOCOcOcOCOCOl>.N-t'^N-I>-N-N-N-OOaCC©C© 


CO 


COOJOiHCOiOOO’H'^OO’H-^OCJ^iON oqioir- (N»OGOHWOO 

iooNOio^’ci^io:oN05o^ci^iooooajo^co^iodooo5Cr-( 

■^^■^r}iiO‘0‘OiOiO‘O l O l OOOOOO‘<OOONND«Nf^NB>t^GOCO 


CO 

CO 


03 t+< CO OO CO^NO^-^OCOHCOION* (M^COHCONNH(MI> 
^lO^NXO-^CsiM^^NnOJ-HCN^O^CiNXOOCSICOrfiONOOOi 


0* 

CO 


03 CO UO 05 CO CO N- 05 03 


ooo 03^*CN-oa»—•cO'OOaot'*»oiTt<ooo 

03C0i0C0r-‘0doO03C0^i0:0^C^O-H03^«0CDt-00O^03C0^ i 0cD 

5!^ Tt< ^^^^ 1 OiO*0*O l -OiO l O»OOOOcOCOcC)COCOONNNNNN 


CO 


CO rf CO 00 rHO^COONOOCiTHCO^ONCJ O3rOO0NCO r- co io 

p-.N^^i{ONQQOO^N70»OWNy)CiOMCOTHiOdNOOO*HOlCO^ 


-d 

0> 
bC C) 
d J4 
V 


cor^ooo^o^c^co^ioco^co^OTHc^co^^oco^xajOt-iwco^iO 














































56 


EXCAVATION TABLES. 


£ 

-xj 

S 

o 

O 


H 

Oh 

H 

Q 


H 

O 

O 

H 

a 

o 

H 

O 

H 

Ph 

1C 

HX 

Ho 

O l ° 

Ph ° 
0 0 
co 

ZX 

o r “ i 

>-H CO 

H « 
<% 

O 

X 

H 

£ 

< 


50 

Q 

Ph 

O 

►—H 

CP 

CJ 

Ph 

O 

W 

CP 

s 

hj 

£ 


-d J 
-+-* 0) 
b() <D 

c P-< 
0) _ 
►-) S 


a? 

0> 

£ 


-d 

-1-3 

T3 

£ 


05 

Tf< 


Q0 




*0 

Tji 




CO 


Cfc 


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EMERY- AND CORUNDUM-WHEELS. 


57 


STANDARD SIZES AND SAFE SPEED OF EMERY- AND 
CORUNDUM-WHEELS. 



CAMBER OF JOIST. 


Suitable Camber to give Joist of Various Lengths. 


Camber, in Fraction of an 
Inch, to give for 


Dwelling-houses... 

Warehouses, or for heavy 
loads. 


Length of Joist in Feet 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

26 

3 

1 6 

i 

5 

1 6 

f 

7 

16 

i 

fa 

* 

1 1 

1 6 

1 

fa 

7 

1 6 

9 

1 6 

11 

1 6 

13 

1 6 

1 

1ft 

n 


NUMBER AND SIZE OF MESH OF SIEVES. 

The number of sieves and screens are given according to the 
size of the mesh, as follows: 

No. 2 would have 2 mesh to the inch, or 4 mesh to the 
square inch. 

No. 3 would have 3 mesh to the inch, or 9 mesh to the 
square inch. 

No. 4 would have 4 mesh to the inch, or 16 mesh to the 
square inch. 






















































































58 


EMERY- AND CORUNDUM-WHEELS. 


No. 10 would have 10 mesh to the inch, or 100 mesh to the 
square inch, and so on up. No. 100 having 100 mesh to the 
inch, or 10,000 mesh to the square inch. 

TABLE FOR SELECTION OF GRADES OF EMERY OR 
CORUNDUM-WHEELS- 


Class of Work. 


No. of Emery, 
or Degree of 
Coarseness 
Usually 
Furnished. 


Grade Letters, 
or Degrees of 
Hardness 
Usually 
Furnished. 


Large cast-iron and steel castings. ..... . 

Small cast-iron and steel castings . 

Large malleable-iron castings. .. 

Small malleable-iron castings . 

Chilled iron castings . 

Wrought iron . 

Brass and bronze castings .. 

Rough work in general . 

General machine-shop use . 

Lathe and planer tools, handwork. . 

Small tools . 

Wood-working tools, handwork . 

Twist-drills (hand-grinding) . 

(special machines) . 

Reamers, taps, milling cutters, etc , hand¬ 
grinding . 

Reamers, taps, milling cutters, etc., spec¬ 
ial machines . 

Edging and jointing agricultural imple¬ 
ments. .. 

Grinding plow-points . 

Surfacing plow bodies . 

Stove mounting . 

Finishing edges of stoves. .. 

Drop-forgings . 

Gumming and sharpening saws . 

Planing-mill and paper-cutting knives, 

auto-work . 

Car-wheel grinding ... 


14 to 20 
16 “ 30 
14 “ 20 
16 “ 30 
16 “ 24 
16 “ 24 
16 “ 60 
14 “ 20 
20 “ 46 
36 “ 60 
60 “100 
36 “ 60 
36 “ 60 
36 “ 46 

46 “ 70 

36 “ 90 

14 “ 20 
16 “ 24 
14 “ 20 
14 “ 24 
14 “ 24 
16 “ 24 
36 “ 60 

24 “ 36 
16 “ 24 


F to Z 
F “ Z 
F “ 1G 
F “ 1G 
E “ Y 
F “ 1G 
E “ G 
2F “ Z 
F “ 1G 
F “ G 
2F “ 1G 
2D “ F 
F “G 
E “F 

F “1G 

E “ Y 

Y “2Z 
2F “ 1G 
2D “ F 
1G “ 2Z 
1G “ 2Z 
F “ 1G 
1C “ 3C 

W “ 1H 
B E 


TEMPERATURES. 

The following table affords a somewhat rough method of estimating 
high temperature 


Just glowing in the dark, 

Dark red. 

Cherry red.. 

Bright cherry red. 

Orange. 

White . 

Dazzling white. 


Centigrade Fahrenheit 

Degrees. Degrees. 


525 

977 

700 

1252 

908 

1666 

1000 

1832 

1150 

2102 

1300 

2372 

1500 

2732 




















































OCTAGON TABLE. 


59 


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PART III. 



Basket 


Hitch 


Fig. 64. 


A FEW SHORT CUTS AND USEFUL PROBLEMS 
FOR THE CARPENTER. 

To Sling a Column. —Take two ordinary slings, of equal 
length, weave them together, as shown by Fig. 64, and place 
them over the top of the column, as 
shown by Fig. 65. 

To Sling a Pole or Timber on 
End. —Fig. 66 shows how to hitch to 
a pole or timber to be hoisted on end; 
a hitch of this'kind will not slip. 

To Sling a Barrel.— Fig. 67, cuts 1, 2, 3, shows how to 
sling a barrel for^hoisting mortar, etc., using an ordinary sling. 

Another Method to Sling a Bar¬ 
rel or Can. —Fig. 68 shows a ready 
way of slinging a can, to improvise a 
paint-pot, to dip for water, etc. Pass 
the end of the cord under the bottom of 
the can and bring the two parts over 
it, and make with them an overhand 
knot; open the knot, as shown in Fig. 
69, and draw the two parts down until 
they come round the upper edge of the 
can; haul taut, and knot them together 
again over the can, as shown in Fig. 68. 

To Sling a Plank Edgewise.— 
The method of slinging a plank edge¬ 
wise by a rope so that it will stay is shown in Fig. 70. A 
clove-hitch is made around the end of the plank, then one 
of the parts is twisted around the plank until the ends lead 
as shown. 

To Shorten a Rope without Cutting. —To shorten a 
piece of rope without cutting it try the sheep-shank shown in 
Fig. 71. The rope is brought back on itself, making two or 

60 



Fig. 65. 









SHORT CUTS AND USEFUL PROBLEMS. 


61 


more bights, and a half-hitch is taken around each bight. 
This knot will not slip, and will nearly fall apart of its own 



accord if the strain is released, so that when there is a liability 
of this happening ,it is well to pass a piece of wood through 
the loop A at each end and pull the rope tight on them. 



Fig. 69. Beginning Can Sling 

How to Tie a Jury-mast Knot.— This knot is also 
known as a masthead knot and a bottle-hitch, and is used at 
































































































62 SHORT CUTS AND USEFUL PROBLEMS. 


the top of a temporary derrick in place of a mast iron to 
fasten the guys to. 

Take a piece of stout cord and hold it between the thumb 
and forefinger of each hand, with 
a space of about 6 inches between 
the hands. Then twist the cord 
right-handed with the thumb and 
forefinger of the right hand only. 

This will throw up a bight like 
Fig. 72, with the part A under B. 

Grasp the loop thus formed between 
the thumb and forefinger of the left 
hand at the point where the two 
parts cross. Then move the thumb 
and forefinger of the right hand 
along the cord about 6 inches, and throw up another bight, 
laying it on top of the first one. You then have Fig. 73. Hold 
these two bights with the left thumb and forefinger, measure off 
another 6 inches, and throw the last bight. Place it on top 



Fig. 71. 



of the last one made, and you have Fig. 74. Take the part E 
in the last bight at Fig. 74, and, while holding the other parts 
in place, pass it under B, over C, and under A . This makes 
Fig. 75. Then take B, Fig. 75, and pass it under D and over F. 



The result is Fig. 76. Then, while holding E in the left and B 
in the right hand, take hold of X with the teeth and pull it. 
The result will be Fig. 77, In practice, the part 0 in Fig. 77 
goes over the reduced part of the mast- or derrick-head. The 
forestay is made fast to X; the stays to B and B; Y and Z 
form the backstays, Any strain on the stays tightens up 

























SHORT CUTS AND USEFUL PROBLEMS. 


63 


O. By pulling Y and Z in opposite directions the knot comes 
out. Every workman should know how to tie this knot. 

Stop-knot. —Fig. 78 shows how to fasten a line to another 
on which there is a strain, such as a guy-line, etc.; this is often 
necessary when it is desired to tighten a guy-line. Take a smaller 




size rope as A, and with the left hand hold it against the larger 
rope, and make three round turns toward the right of the larger 
rope. Bring the end of the smaller rope marked B back, and 
take three half-hitches to the left. Bring the end of the small 
rope marked A through the loop at C, and attach set of blocks 
to take the strain. 

Another method of taking hold of a rope with a strain on it 
is showm by Fig. 79. Take a sling made of a smaller rope and 



wrap it around by alternate cross-turns and attach blocks as 
showm. 

To Sling a Plank for Staging.— Make a marlinespike- 
hitch as shown by Fig. 80. Place the end of the plank in the bight 
occupied by the marlinespike; draw it taut., as shown by Fig. 81, 
with the double part of the bight on the under side of the plank. 

Knots to Tie Sash- weights.— Figs. 82, 83, 84 show 
three different knots used to tie cords to sash-weights. Fig. 





64 SHORT CUTS AND USEFUL PROBLEMS. 


82 is the bowline, showing it in three stages of construction. 
Figs. 83 and 84 show two other knots, both good ones. 



Fig. 79. — Securing Fig. 81.—SliDging Plank for Use as Stage. 

Block to Hope, 



FlG • 82. Fig. 83. Fig. 84.— Knot for 

Tying Sash-cord. 

Blocking or Furring for Base. —Usually in plastering 

where there are base grounds the space below the grounds re¬ 
ceives but one coat of plaster. This makes it very incon- 






































SHORT CUTS AND USEFUL PROBLEMS. 


65 


venient for the carpenter in putting down the base, for every 
stud must be furred flush with the plastering. A method the 
author has used is to drive a couple of large-headed tenpenny 
nails into the stud, as shown by Fig. 85, driving them in until 



they come to a line with the plastering, using a square as shown 
The base can be put up against these nails and nailed fast. 
At the corners it is advisable to put in soild blocking, and in 
putting on the grounds they should be set so that the top edge 
of the base will lap on the ground, and thus let the moulding 
member of the base lap upon the plaster. 

Plaster Grounds around Door-openings. — For 
plaster grounds around door-openings 
1" X 2" strips make the best ground, put 
on as shown by Fig. 86. .The ground 
on one side of the opening should be 
put on straight and plumb, and then the 
other side put on with a gauge made as 
shown at A, Fig. 86. 

When the plastering is completed 
these grounds can be taken ofl and 
used over again. 

Length of Rafters.— In putting up rafters it often happens 
that the rafters are cut a little long, or by using a thick ridge- 
board the rafters must have a little cut-off at the top end. 
To find the exact length of the rafter after the ridge-board is 
in place take a pole and take the length from the corner of 
the plate to the corner of the ridge, as AB, Fig. 87, transfer 
this length to the rafter, as shown by CD, which gives the 
Correct length. 




















66 SHORT CUTS AND USEFUL PROBLEMS. 


To Work out a Flag-pole or Mast. —First, give the 
timber the desired taper, keeping it square the whole length. Then 



make a template, as shown by Fig. 88. This should be made 
out of a piece of inch stuff; cut a notch in it, as shown, 24 inches 
long, and 7 inches from each end 
of the notch bore two holes to 
receive and hold a lead pencil. 


1 11 

gp 

lili'tKitlilliis 

up 

gS 

. % 7 . 



< i > < — (—> 

< -24--*• 

Si 


Fig, 88 


of the tapered stick, in the position 
shown by Fig. 89; keep the two 
ends of the notch tight against the 
sides of the stick, draw it from end to end of the stick in this 
position, and the pencils will mark out a true champfer line to 
work to. 



If any entasis is to be given the stick it should be given 
it in the square, as described on page 20. 

Fastening for Ledger-boards.— Fig. 90 shows a method 
of fastening ledger-boards to posts, or uprights, by means of a 
wrought-iron clamp or stirrup. Two holes are bored through 





















SHORT CUTS AND USEFUL PROBLEMS. 67 


the upright, the stirrup inserted, and the ledger-board bolted 
fast as shown. B is the putlog laid in place. This method 
is quicker and stronger than nails, 
and does not destroy any lumber. 

Hanger for Staging for 
Shingling. — Fig. 91 shows a 
wrought-iron hanger for hanging a 
2" x 4" or 2" X 6" for shingling-stag¬ 
ing. It can be made from old wagon- 
or buggy-tire; the end A is hooked 
over the sheathing-boards or shingling- 
lathes and the lower end bent to receive 
the 2" X 4" or 2"x6". It should 
be made about 18 inches long. When 
shingling shingle around the hanger, 
leaving out two or three shingles, 

A 


B 


have enough of the hangers to scaffold to the top of the roof, and 
as the scaffold is taken down the shingles left out can then be 
put in place and nailed. In nailing the shingles where the 



hangers have been it is well to have a few strips of tin to slip 
up over the nail in the last shingle put in place, as this shingle 
has to be nailed through the joints of the next course of shingles 
To Cut Floor Bridging.— To get the length and bevel 
to cut floor bridging take the width of the joist on the tongue 
of the square and the distance between the joist on the blade 



















68 SHORT CUTS AND USEFUL PROBLEMS. 


of the square. Use these two figures on opposite sides of the 
piece to be cut, as shown by Fig. 92. The tongue or width 
of the joist gives the cut, and the blade or space between the 
joist gives the length. Always keep the figures on opposite 
sides of the stick as shown. Fig. 92 shows the position of the 
square for marking bridging for 12-inch joist spaced 16 inches on 
centres. Cut on 12, and 14 gives the length to the long point. 

To Shingle Hips and Valleys. —In shingling hips the 
full shingle should be carried out to the hip, and if no saddle is 
to*be used the courses should be lapped and woven together 
and also flashed so as to make a water-tight job, or a more 
desirable method called the Boston hip is shown by Fig. 93. 



Fig. 93. 

Gauged shingles, or shingles of a uniform width, should be 
selected to shingle the hip and two lines drawn on the sheathing 
parallel to the hip, as at AA, AA. The roof-shingles should be 
carried up to these lines in steps, as shown by 1, 2, 3, after which 
the hip should be shingled, as shown by BCD, working the 
shingles so that they lap alternately as shown. This makes a 
very neat and water-tight hip. 

In open valleys, in order to keep both sides of the shingles 
straight, a good scheme is to lay a studding of the desired 
width in the valley and fit the shingles up to it on both sides. 

In shingling up the corners of a building, or the hips of a roof, 
the shingles should be lapped, as shown in Fig. 94, as this 












SHORT CUTS AND USEFUL PROBLEMS. 69 


will show the edge of the shingle on both sides of the corner, 
or hip, alternately. A, Fig. 95, shows how the shingles should 
be lapped two courses at a time. 


Fig 94. 




A 

Fig. 95. 


If the courses of shingles are simply lapped alternately it will 
bring all the edges of the shingles to show on the one side of the 
corner. 

To Mark Thresholds.— To mark thresholds when the 
jamb is out of square take a straight-edge long enough to reach 
across the door-opening as AD, Fig. 96. Place it against the 


b c 


Fig. 96. Fig - 97 - 

opening as shown, and tack on strips to fit in the rebate and 
against the jamb as shown at BC, Now place this straight¬ 
edge and strips on the threshold, and mark as shown by Fig. 
97; cut to these marks and the threshold will fit snug. 

Height of Hand-rail of Stairs.— The top of the hand¬ 
rail of stairs should be about 2 feet 6 inches from the centre of 
the tread, measuring plumb. 

To Hang Mantels.— When hanging mantels never drive 
wooden plugs in the chimney to fasten the mantel to. Use 
wrought-iron awning or sign hooks, as 
shown by Fig. 98, which can be obtained 
at any hardware store. Drive four of 
these hooks into the joints of the brick¬ 
work one at each corner of the mantel; then fasten four heavy 
screw-eyes, or staples on the back of the mantel at the required 
positions and hang the mantel on the hooks driven in the chimney. 



Fig. 98. 












































70 SHORT CUTS AND USEFUL PROBLEMS. 


To Cut Studs, etc. —When cutting studs, or any like mate¬ 
rial, to a length build a box and put cuts in it similar to a mitre-box, 
cut the studs in this box and save the time of marking them. 

Template for Cutting Rafters. —When cutting rafters 
make a template out of inch stuff to give the top, bottom, and 
side cuts, this is much more handy than a square or bevels. 

To Approximate the Number of Squares in a 
Roof. —If | pitch, find the floor surface and multiply by 1J; 
if \ pitch, multiply by 1^; if \ pitch, multiply by etc. 

Example .—Find the number of squares in a roof 30X40 feet, 
£ pitch: 30X40 = 1200; 1200X12 = 1800, or 18 square. 

The Length of Rafters for the most Common 
Pitches may be found as follows: One-quarter pitch, mul¬ 
tiply the span by 0.559; J pitch, multiply the span by 
0.6; f pitch, multiply the span by 0.625; \ pitch, multiply 
the span by 0.71; f pitch, multiply the span by 0.8; Gothic or 
full pitch, multiply by 1.12. 

To Find the Radius to Work Bevelled Siding for 
a Circular Tower. —A good rule for finding the radius to 
which siding must be worked to go on a circular tower is: 
Divide the radius of the tower (in inches) by the thickness of the 
thickest edge of the siding, and multiply by the width of the siding. 

To Bore for Sasli-lifts.— When boring for mortise or 
flush sash-lifts take a piece of heavy cardboard and cut it to 
set against the sash and in the angle formed by the sill and 
side of the frame; let it rest on the lower stop with the end 
against the side stop, and in this position mark the suitable 
centres for boring the holes. Punch the holes through so the 
centres can be marked on the sash with a pencil. This card¬ 
board by reversing can be used on both sides of the sash for 
marking the centres for boring. 

Setting Window-frames. —In setting box frames in a 
brick wall, let the top hang out just a little. The mason in lay¬ 
ing his brick or stone will gradually force the top in a little, 
and if set perfectly plumb in the first place the mason is liable to 
force them in out of plumb. After the walls are up the frames 
can be driven plumb before nailing them fast to the blocking. 

Marking out Cripple-rafters.— When cutting cripple- 
rafters take a common rafter and lay out on it the lengths 
of all the cripples, together with the bevels. Use this rafter 
as a template for getting the lengths and bevels of the cripples, 
it is quicker than laying out each cripple separately. 


SHORT CUTS AND USEFUL PROBLEMS. 71 


To Mark Hinges on Doors and Jambs.— A quick and 
easy way to mark the hinges on doors and jambs is to take 
a stick or strip the length of the door and mark on it the posi¬ 
tion of the hinges; and drive in wire-brads so that the points 
stick through about one-eighth of an inch. To mark the door 
place the stick on the edge of the door, keeping the top end 
of the stick and the top end of the door even; press the stick 
on the door and the brad points will mark the position of the 
hinge. In marking the jamb keep the stick down one-sixteenth 
of an inch to give a little “play” above the door. 

To Day out Angles. —The following tables of angles is to 
be used in connection with a two-foot rule or a pair of com¬ 
passes to lay out any angle desired, as shown by Fig. 99. 



Example .—To lay out an angle of 15° take the two 12-inch 
arms of a two-foot rule and open them 3.13 inches, when the 
two arms will give the desired angle. 

ANGLES AND DISTANCES. 

Angles and Distances Corresponding to the Opening of the 
Two-foot Rule. 


Angle. 

Distance. 

Angle. 

Distance. 

Angle. 

Distance. 

Angie. 

Distance. 

Deg. 

Ins. 

Deg. 

Ins. 

Deg, 

Ins. 

Deg. 

Ins. 

1 

.2 

24 

4.99 

47 

9.57 

69 

13.59 

2 

.42 

25 

5.19 

48 

9.76 

70 

13.77 

3 

.63 

26 

5.4 

49 

9.95 

71 

13.94 

4 

.84 

27 

5.6 

50 

10.14 

72 

14.11 

5 

1.05 

28 

5.81 

51 

10.33 

73 

14 28 

6 

1.26 

29 

6 01 

52 

10.52 

74 

14.44 

7 

1.47 

[ 30 

6.21 

53 

10,71 

75 

14.61 

8 

1.67 

31 

6.41 

54 

10.9 

76 

14.78 

9 

1.88 

32 

6.62 

55 

11.08 

77 

14 94 

10 

2.09 

33 

6.82 

56 

11.27 

78 

15.11 

11 

2.3 

34 

7.02 

57 

11.45 

79 

15 27 

12 

2.51 

35 

7.22 

58 

11.64 

80 

15.43 

13 

2.72 

36 

7.42 

59 

11.82 

81 

15 59 

14 

2.92 

37 

7.61 

60 

12 

82 

15 75 

15 

3.13 

38 

7.81 

61 

12. 18 

83 

15 9 

16 

3.34 

39 

8.01 

62 

12.36 

84 

16.06 

17 

3.55 

40 

8.2 

63 

12.54 

85 

16.21 

18 

3.75 

41 

8.4 

64 

12.72 

86 

16.37 

19 

3.96 

42 

8.6 

65 

12.9 

87 

16.52 

20 

4.17 

43 

8.8 

66 

13.07 

88 

16.67 

21 

4.37 

44 

8.99 

67 

13.25 

89 

16.82 

22 

4.58 

45 

9.18 

68 

13.42 

90 

16.97 

23 

4.78 

46 

9.38 






















72 SHORT CUTS AND USEFUL PROBLEMS. 


TABLE OF SPEED OF CIRCULAR SAWS. 


Size of 
Saw, 
Inches. 

Revolutions 

per 

Minute. 

8 

4500 

10 

3600 

12 

3000 

14 

2585 

16 

2222 

18 

2000 

20 

1800 

22 

1636 

24 

1500 

26 

1384 

28 

1285 


Size of 
Saw, 
Inches. 

Revolutions 

per 

Minute. 

30 

1200 

32 

1120 

34 

1050 

36 

1000 

38 

950 

40 

900 

42 

870 

44 

840 

46 

800 

48 

750 

50 

725 


Size of 
Saw, 
Inches. 

Revolutions 

per 

Minute. 

52 

700 

54 

675 

56 

650 

58 

625 

60 

600 

62 

575 

64 

550 

66 

545 

68 

529 

70 

514 

72 

500 


The above table is figured on a periphery speed of 9000 feet per 
minute, but saws for portable mills are usually run at a speed of 
about 450 revolutions per minute, and saws for steam feed-mills 
from 600 to 900 revolutions per minute. 

Rules for Calculating the Speed of Saws, Pulleys, 
or Drums. — Problem 1. —The diameter of the driven being 
given to find its number of revolutions. 

Rule .—Multiply the diameter of the driver by its number of 
revolutions, and divide the product by the diameter of the 
driven; the quotient will be the number of revolutions of the 
driven. 

Problem 2.—The diameter and revolutions of the driver 
being given to find the diameter of the driven that shall make 
any given number of revolutions in the same time. 

Rule .—Multiply the diameter of the driver by its number of 
revolutions, and divide the product by the number of revolu¬ 
tions of the driven; the quotient will be its diameter. 

Problem 3.—To ascertain the size of the driver. 

Rule .—Multiply the diameter of the driven by the number of 
revolutions you wish it to make, and divide the product by the 
revolutions of the driver; the quotient will be the size of the 
driver. 


Size of Chalk or Mason’s Lines. 


Number 0 measures about g 3 ? inch in diameter 
“ 1 “ “ “ “ “ 

“ 2 “ “ ^ « « « 

tt q tt tt 6 tt tt a 

0 6T 

“4 “ “ A 


tt 


It tt 


tt 












SHORT CUTS AND USEFUL PROBLEMS. 


73 


DECAY OF BUILDING MATERIAL. 


Material in Buildings. 

Frame 

Dwellings. 

Brick 

Dwellings 

(Shingle 

Roof). 

Frame 

Stores. 

Brick 

Stores 

(Shingle 

Roof). 

1 Average Life, 
Years. 

Percentage of 
Depreciation 
per Annum. 

Average Life, 
Years. 

Percentage of 
Depreciation 
per Annum. 

Average Life, 

Years. 

Percentage of 
Depreciation 
per Annum. 

Average Life, 
Years. 

Percentage of 
Depreciation 
per Annum. 

Brick. 



75 

li 



66 

u 

Plastering. . 

20 

5 

30 

3i 

16 

6} 

30 

1 2 

3i 

Painting, outside. . . 

5 

20 

7 

14? 

5 

20 

6 

161 

Painting, inside. . 

7 

14 

7 

14? 

5 

20 

6 

16i 

Shingles. .. 

16 

6 

16 

61 

16 

6* 

16 

61 

Cornice. 

40 

2* 

40 

2* 

30 

3i 

40 

2i 

Weather-boarding. 

30 

H 



30 

3h 



Sheathing. .. 

50 

2 

50 

2 

40 

2i 

50 

2 

Flooring. 

20 

5 

20 

5 

13 

7 9 

<13 

13 

7ft 

Doors, complete. . . . 

30 

31 

30 

3i 

25 

4 

30 

3i 

Windows, complete. 

30 

H 

30 

3i 

25 

4 

30 

3i 

Stairs and newel. 

30 

3* 

30 

3i 

20 

5 

20 

5 

Base. .. 

40 

2i 

40 

2* 

30 

3* 

30 

3i 

Inside blinds. . . 

30 

3i 

30 

3i 

30 

31 

30 

3i 

Building hardware. 

20 

5 

20 

5 

13 

7i 9 3 

13 

7 t 9 3 

Piazzas and porches. . . 

20 

5 

20 

5 

20 

5 

20 

5 

Outside blinds. 

16 

61 

16 

61 

16 

61 

16 

61 

Sills and first-floor joists.. . . 

25 

4 

40 

2i 

25 

4 

30 

31 

Dimension lumber. 

50 

2 

75 

li 

40 

2i 

66 

H 


How to File Hand-saws. —A subject of never-failing in¬ 
terest to the average worker in wood is the care of tools and how 
to sharpen them to the best advantage. That opinions differ 
as to the way the work should be done is not surprising, espe¬ 
cially when the question of filing a saw is considered. 

It does not necessarily require any great skill, as many people 
suppose, to file and set their saws, but there are a few essential 
points which should be observed if you wish to get the best 
results. These observations are the result of long experience 
and careful study, and it is earnestly hoped will prove of benefit. 

The first operation should be what is commonly called joint¬ 
ing. It is better to take a flat mill-file and rub the teeth down 
until their length is uniform. For instance, in a straight¬ 
breasted saw, if you should but a straight-edge along the teeth 
every one should just touch it. Then comes the setting. Use, 
if you have one, a regular setting-block, and care should be 
used in preparing said block not to have a sharp edge where 
the tooth bends down, as it is apt to cause breakage. Do not 






































74 SHORT CUTS AND USEFUL PROBLEMS. 


set your tooth too far into the saw. A turning of the point is 
sufficient and far better for the saws. The teeth should be set alter¬ 
nately, right and left. A highly tempered saw which will hold 
the edge best must be carefully handled or you will lose many 
teeth in this operation. Do not put any more set than just 
enough to clear nicely. At this point it might be well to use 
the flat mill-file, and do what is commonly called side-filing 
the teeth. This is to guard against any uneven setting, and 
will be appreciated in the finished saw. 

Your saw is now ready to file, and you will find it advisable to 
select your files carefully. For a six-and seven-point saw use a 
7-inch slim taper. For eight and nine points use 6-inch slim 
taper, and for ten, eleven, and twelve points use a 5-inch slim 
taper. After placing your saw securely in the vise commence 
to file at the point and progress toward the butt or heel. Always 
file the teeth which are set away from you, and, as to the amount 
of bevelling, it is entirely at the discretion of the carpenter. 
It is essential, however, that the bevel be placed on the front 
of the tooth. When through with one side reverse the saw 
and proceed as before. 

To prepare rip-saws proceed as in hand-saws, except always 
use 7-inch slim taper, and if the saw is intended to cut hard 
lumber a slight bevel is advisable, but if for ordinary and soft 
wood it is best to file straight across. 



Fig, 100. — Hand of Hinges for Lavatory Doors. 

1. Reverse action. 2. Indicating-hinge (holding door slightly open when 
unoccupied). 3. Double or single action, depending on strike used. 

















SHORT CUTS AND USEFUL PROBLEMS. 75 


SIZE OF WATER-CLOSET TANKS. 

5 gallon tank measures about 19 X 10 X 12 inches outside 
7 “ “ “ “ 20X12X12 “ “ 

10 “ “ “ “ 24X13X12 “ 

Wash-tubs are usually set about 2 feet 7 inches from the 
floor to top of tub. 

Wash-stands are set about 2 feet 6 inches from floor. 

Privy-seats should be about 15 inches from the floor. 

The Steel Square.— The standard steel square has a blade 
24 inches long and 2 inches wide, and a tongue from 14 to 18 
inches long and 1| inches wide. The blade is at right angles 
to the tongue. 

In the centre of the tongue will be found two parallel lines 
divided into spaces ; Fig. 101; this is the octagon scale. The 
spaces will be found numbered 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60. To 
draw an octagon, say 12 inches square, draw a square 12 
inches each way and draw a perpendicular and horizontal 
line through the centre. To find the length of the octagon side, 
place the point of the compasses on any one of the main divisions 
of the scale and the other point of the compasses on the twelfth 
subdivision; then step this length off on each side of the centre 
lines on the side of the square, which will give the points from 
which to draw the octagon lines; the diameter of the octagon 
must equal in inches the number of spaces taken from the 
square. 

On the opposite side of the tongue will be found the brace- 
rule, Fig. 109. At the end of the tongue will be found the 
figures ||33.95; the ff indicates the rise and run of a brace, 
and 33.95 is the length. The rest of the figures are used in 
the same way. 

On one side of the blade will be found nine lines running 
parallel with the length of the blade and divided at every inch 
by cross-lines. Fig. 110; this is the board measure. Under 12 
on the outer edge of the blade will be found the various lengths 
of boards, as 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, etc For example, we will take 
a board 10 inches wide and 8 feet long; to find the contents 
we look under 12 and find 8 between the first and second lines; 
we then follow this space along until we come to the cross- 
line under 10, the width of the board, and here we find 6, 8, 
or 6 feet 8 inches, the contents of the board. 

At the angle of the blade and tongue will be found the diag- 


76 SHORT CUTS AND USEFUL PROBLEMS. 


onal scale, by which an inch can be divided into one hundred 
equal parts and any number of these parts can be taken from 
the scale. For instance, if we want to find of an inch 
place one point of the compasses on the diagonal line 2 3, at 



the intersection of the seventh line from 2 and the other point 
on line 1 2, which will give of an inch. To find T 5 o 3 o of an 
inch place the point of the compasses on line 3 2, at the in¬ 
tersection of the third line from 3, and the other point on this 



























































SHORT CUTS AND USEFUL PROBLEMS. 77 


third line at the intersection of line 5 5, which gives of an 
inch. The line 2 6 is one inch in length and divided into ten 
equal parts, then each part contains ^ of an inch, and, as 
the diagonal will give any number from to the scale 
is easily understood. 


DIMENSIONS OF SQUARE OR KITCHEN SINKS 


Length. 

Width. 

Depth. 

Length. 

Width. 

Depth- 

16 inches 

12 inches 

6 inches 

30 inches 

12 inches 

6 inches 

16 


16 


6 “ 

30 “ 

16 “ 

6 “ 

18 


12 


6 ** 

30 “ 

18 “ 

6 “ 

18 

4 ft 

16 


6 “ 

30 •* 

20 “ 

6 

18 

• ft 

18 


6 “ 

32 “ 

18 “ 

6 “ 

20 


12 


6 “ 

32 “ 

21 “ 

6 

20 

ft * 

14 


6 * 4 

34 “ 

20 “ 

6 

20 

ft 4 

16 


6 “ 

36 “ 

16 “ 

6 

20 

ft ft 

20 


6 “ 

36 " 

18 “ 

6 “ 

22 

ft ft 

14 


6 “ 

36 “ 

20 “ 

6 “ 

23 

ft * 

15 


6 “ 

36 “ 

21 “ 

6 “ 

24 

ft • 

14 


6 “ 

36 *• 

22 “ 

6 

24 

* ft 

15 


6 “ 

38 “ 

19 “ 

6 

24 


16 


6 “ 

38 “ 

20 “ 

6 “ 

24 

V * 

17 


6 “ 

40 “ 

20 “ 

6 •* 

24 

* « 

18 


6 “ 

41 “ 

22 “ 

6 “ 

24 

• ft 

20 


6 ’• 

42 “ 

18 “ 

6 

251 

t « 

151 

* • 

6 " 

42 “ 

20 “ 

6 “ 

25 

ft ft 

17 

• ft 

6 “ 

42 “ 

22 “ 

6 “ 

27 

ft ft 

15 

ft • 

6 “ 

48 “ 

20 “ 

6 “ 

28 


16 


6 •• 

48 “ 

22 “ 

6 “ 

28 

ft ft 

17 

• • 

6 •* 

48 “ 

23 " 

6 “ 

28 

ft ft 

20 

• ft 

6 “ 

48 “ 

24 “ 

6 “ 


LARGE OR HOTEL SINKS. 


Length. 

Width. 

Depth. 

Length. 

Width. 

Depth. 

50 inches 

24 inches 

61 inches 

72 inches 

24 inches 

6 inches 

60 “ 

20 “ 

6 

76 “ 

22 “ 

7 “ 

60 •* 

24 “ 

6 “ 

84 “ 

24 “ 

6 •* 

62 “ 

22 “ 

8 

96 4i 

24 “ 

6 “ 

62 ■* 

26 *• 

8 

108 “ 

24 ,J 

6 “ 

72 “ 

20 ** 

6 “ 

120 “ 
i 

1 24 “ 

6 “ 


NAILS REQUIRED FOR DIFFERENT KINDS OF WORK. 

1000 shingles will require about 4 lbs. of 4d. nails. 

1000 shingles will require about 3 lbs. of 3d. nails. 

1000 lath will require about 5 lbs. of 5d. fine nails. 

1000 ft. of clapboards will require about 18 lbs, of 6d. nails- 







































78 


SHORT CUTS AND USEFUL PROBLEMS. 


1000 ft. of rustic siding will require about 28 lbs. of 8d. nails. 
1000 ft. of sheathing will require about 20 lbs. of 8d. nails. 
1000 ft. of sheathing will require about 25 lbs. of lOd. nails. 
1000 ft. of flooring-top, nailed, will require about 40 lbs. of 8d. 
nails. 

1000 ft. of flooring-top, nailed, will require about 45 lbs. of lOd. 
nails. 

1000 ft. of matched flooring will require about 30 lbs. of 8d. 
nails. 

1000 ft. of matched flooring will require about 35 lbs. of lOd. 
nails. 

1000 ft. of furring will require about 42 lbs. of lOd. nails. 

1000 ft. of furring will require about 38 lbs. of 8d. nails. 
1000 ft. of rough framing will require about 45 lbs. of assorted 
nails. 

1000 ft. of inside trim will require about 35 lbs. of assorted 
nails. 

1 square of slate will require from 2 to 8 lbs. of nails. 

A DAY’S WORK FOR A GOOD CARPENTER. 

One man should put up in one day of eight hours: 

Balloon framing, 600 to 1000 ft. 

Framing and raising roof, 300 to 800 ft. 

Sheathing sides of building, horizontal, 800 to 1000 ft. 
Sheathing sides of building, diagonal, 600 to 900 ft. 

Sheathing sides of building, matched sheathing, horizontal 
400 to 800 ft. 

Sheathing sides of building, matched sheathing, diagonal, 
300 to 700 ft. 

Roof-sheathing, not matched, 800 to 1200 ft. 

Roof-sheathing, matched, 600 to 1000 ft. 

Rough flooring, not matched, 1200 to 1500 ft. 

Four-inch matched flooring, 600 to 1000 ft. 

Six-inch matched flooring, 700 to 1200 ft. 

Three-inch hardwood flooring, smoothed, 50 to 100 ft. 

Rustic siding, 600 to 1000 ft. 

Clapboarding, 400 to 800 ft. 

Shingles on roof, 2000 to 5000. 

Shingles on sides, 1500 to 4000. 

Cornice, four members, 75 to 150 lineal ft. 

Corner strips, 100 to 200 lineal ft. 

Set in place 10 to 14 window-frames 


SHORT CUTS AND USEFUL PROBLEMS 


79 


Fit and hang 7 to 10 windows of sash. 

Fit and hang 6 to 10 doors. 

Fit, hang, and lock 4 to 8 doors. 

Trim with one member and corner blocks 6 to 10 sides. 
Base, two members, 150 to 250 ft. 

Base, three members, 100 to 200 ft. 

Set door-jambs, 7 to 10. 

Fit and hang double sliding-doors, 1 pair. 

Fit and hang single sliding-doors, 2. 

Put up track for double sliding-doors, 1 pair. 

Put up track for single sliding-doors, 2. 

Fit and put down 20 to 25 thresholds. 

Put up 200 to 500 lineal ft. of plaster grounds. 

Put up 125 to 250 ft. of picture-moulding. 

Put up 150 to 300 sq. ft. of T. & G. wainscotting. 


PART IV. 

LUMBER MEASURE. STRENGTH OF WOODEN 
AND STEEL BEAMS, COLUMNS, ETC. 

80 


BOARD MEASURE. 

Explanation.—-In the following tables to find the contents of any piece of lumber find the size of the piece in the column 
under size in inches, and in the column under the length of the piece of lumber in feet will be found the contents in board 


LUMBER TABLES. 


81 


V 


tyO 

g 

<D 


01 


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O CO CO ^ CM O 00 




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co co co co Tf 


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SCANTLINGS AND PLANKS REDUCED TO BOARD MEASURE. 

Length in Feet. 


82 


LUMBER TABLES 


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SCANTLINGS AND PLANKS REDUCED TO BOARD MEASURE— {Continued). 


LUMBER TABLES 


83 



1 * CM CO Tf to 

CNXO 

CM TT CO 

CO CO 

CO 

CO 



c 

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to 05 CO co 





CO 

1-H OOlO 

CM 05 CO O 

tO CM —• 

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05 CO CO 


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00 05 T-H CM 

CM CO Tf tO 

tO CO CO t-h 

t-h CM CO tO 



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r—H r—< 


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co 





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r—i CM CM CO 

rr rrtOG 

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cm co rr 

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t—I CM CO ^ 





T-H T-H 



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CO co 

co CO 

co 

co 


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tONOCM 

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co-^-oo 

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SCANTLINGS AND PLANKS REDUCED TO BOARD MEASURE — (Continued). 


84 


LUMBER TABLES 



CO 

• 

a 







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P-t Tp CD O- 05 

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t—H t-H i—H r-H 

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W TH 

X Tp co 

TP X 

CM OX 

r-H 

Tp X Tp 

X TP 


rH 

1 

aj 00 COCOt^ 

P-c th CM CM X 

co CO to TP 
TpiOON 

Tp X CM CM 

X 05 O rH 

T-H T-H 

05 to O CO 

CM X Tp Tp 

X O Hi co 
»ONXC 5 

to CO X O 

O rH CM TP 
r-H rH h t-h 


e* 

in. 







rH 

CO O tP CM 
«H rH (M CM CO 

O X CO Tp 

Tp Tp IO CO 

CM 0 X co 

Nxxa 

to O to O 

CM X X Tp 

OOOO 
to COIN X 

OOOO 

05 O rn CM 








r-H t-h r— 


rH 

p X Tp Tp 

• »-H 

X TP CO 

Tp X 

r-r CD T-H CO 

O CM TP 

CO X O 

T-H 



4J tP 00 CM O 
<+H Hr^CMCM 

O Tp T—1 CO 

X Tp to to 

cox 0 x 

ONXX 

CM N- CM CO 

CM CM X X 

to to Tp co 

Tp to CO O 

CM rH O O 

X 05 O rH 


o 

* Tp 00 X 

M 

• rr 

Tp X Tp 

X TP 

O CM rp 

T-H 

X TP CO 

TP OO 


rH 

CO CO O CO 
^Hr-irCMCM 

X O co x 

X Tp Tp IO 

O co X 0 
COONX 

O to 05 x 

CM CM CM X 

r- 1 O X CO 

Tp tO to CO 

to X Hi O 

Nxao 


1 

c 



05 CO X 

CO CO 

CO CO 


0* 

■ r " 1 








^ CM 10 X P 
tfnrHr-HCM 

O CO CM X 

X X TP rp 

TP 0 co CM 
lOOCON 

XCM CO O 
rH CM CM X 

to CM 0 

X Tp 10 co 

U- to CM O 
CONOCO 


X 

^ X Tp Tp 

• rn 

X tP CO 

TP X 

X Tp GO 

Tp X Tp 

X TP 



4j‘OW0H 

Ph tH t-H r-H CM 

CO CM N CM 

CM X X Tp 

X X X TP 

Tp to >0 CO 

CO 0 X CO 
r-H CM CM CM 

X O co X 

X Tp rp to 

O co x 0 
co co In x 

Size in 

CO 

<X> 

c 

c 

■H 

Tp to CO x 

XXXX 

TP Tp Tp Tp 

O CM Tp CO 

T—i T-H rH T— < 

XXXX 

Tp Tp Tp Tp 

COOMTf 
r-H Cl Cl CM 

XXXX 

Tp Tp Tp Tp 

to CO U- X 

XXXX 

tO to tQ 10 

O CM -p CO 

XXXX 

to to to *0 

X O CM TP 
rH CM CM CM 

XXXX 

to to to to 



























































































TIMBER REDUCED TO BOARD MEASURE. 


LUMBER TABLES. 85 


Length in Feet. 

38 

a CO GO ^ GO 00 ^ CO ^ 00 ^ 

• SJ S 22 2 NrHOO^CJ CONN (M CO>0 CO CO N 00 

N^OrHiCGJ^GOCC 0 i 00 i 00 i 00»0 0 

^ rH 04 CM CO CO CO rt' r-n C4 C4 CO CO CO Tfi to C4 C4 CO CO Tt< Ht> to CC 

36 

• 

.s 

•SSSSSSnJvJPScSi 00004^000004^ 040000^040000 

4 ^> ^ rH *0 CO 04 CC 05 CO CO i—l to 05 CO 04 CO CO 05 '"■f CO CO GO CO GO f-M K. 

0 * 0 * 0*00 00 00 ** rH04 0 J(MCOCO^^iO 

34 

c oc hT CO tJH 00 ^ Tji oc ^00 r*i CO 

COOOXNNNOCOCO rn CO 04 N 04 CO CO OO ^ 
*OacON«LOOCON COOlNtHCCO^OO^ 

*+H ^ r-t rH 04 04 04 CO CO CO Tji r-t rH 04 04 CO CO CO rf rf r -1 04 04 CO CO rf rf rf to 

32 

cj CO CO ^ co oo^oo^oo^ 

. 5$ 2 S SJ £i 5? 2 SS 2 ^ ^ Oico^Hcoocoooo ocococoh-^cdcjoi 

^0504c00504ip00 04i0c0 ^COdCCCiCONrHrf 1^ ’H »C O GO Ol C rn 

*h rH rH r-'04 04 04COCOCO r- it— tO4O4O4C0C0'^f'rr' '*-H04 04 04COCOTfrfiO 

30 

• 

a 

.SS9S°2P 000 oooiooioo»co ooooooooo 

^OiClJOXrH^NOCOcO N rH rt^ CO rH to CO CSI CO O ^ OC 04 CO O Tt* CO 

<+h rHr-H r-i 04 04 04 CO CO CO th ^ CM CM 04 CC CO CO ^ t-<C 4 04 O 4 C 0 C 0 ^^^ 

28 

0 * CO ^ CO 00 CO Tf oo rt< oo 

^ 04 O CO CO TjH 04 O CO CO O CO CO 00 rH O 05 04 C5CO^HOOCOCOOOO 

4J GO’H^005CMiOO)OCO CO CO 05 04 CO 05 04 iO 05 00 04 CO 05 CO N r-r^ 

<+H H r 8 rH r-( CM OI CM CO CO rH• r -1 rH 04 04 04 CO CO CO rH th 04 04 04 CO CO rf< 

26 

£-j Hji CO GO Tf^GO OO rf OO^ CO rf 

^00^00 04 00 ^0004 T-Hi—i04 04 04COCOCOrf 00C00004l>.04C0r-iO 

RNOWiOiXlOCOOOOri CM id 00 rn rf, o CO CO CO N O ^ N rH00 »h 

<+h rH T—i T—f r-l (04 04 04 04 CO t—1 r-H r—1 04 04 04 CO CO CO r-i r-i 04 CM 04 CO CO CO tJ« 

24 

• 

a 

* 04 CO O rf 00 04 CO O T* oo 04 O CO CO rfi 04 O CO CO 00004x^000003^ 
^Jt>-C504rtiOC5^HrtiC000 rH rfi CO O 04 tO OC O CO O4CCO3O41CC0OUOO0 
<+H r—I t —1 rH r—H 04 04 04 04 Hrir-lrH04C404COCO r—1 ri ri 04 CM CM CO CO CC 

22 

^ 00 rf< CO ^ 00 ^ ^ 00 ^ 00^00 

H c 0G0OCM^C0C0O04^ 04 CO ^ 05 to rH CO 04 CO CO CO ^ ^ CO 04 04 

•COCO’—iCOiOt^C5 04 ^fCO O04 10NOW10 00O ^ ^ N O CO CO CD 04 lO 

< 4 _j HHH1-IH04 04 04 HHi-IH 04 04 04 04 CO r—Ir-I r —1 04 04 04 04 CO CO 

o 

g rf CO Tf CO oc 00 **f CO rf 00 ^ 

’^OOOOOOOOOO CO CO 0 CO CO 0 CO co 0 co co o cc co o co co © 

■ J CO 00 O 04 T}H CO CO O 04 rf 05 r-H rf 0 OO ’-H CO JO CO O CO O OO rH Tti C£ C5 CM 

^ r-IHi-1 rH rH CM CM CM T—IHr-I t—4 04 04 04 04 t-ht—It—It— lC4C'40404C0 

GC 

tH 

• 

a 

,H 'f C4 0'/)*OTt<CMOCOCO ’fiOONOOOOrHCM COO^fOOCMCO^OO 
RiONOOCM’tOXO'H COOCMTfOOOr-HCOiO OCM’tOarHTtcoO 

« 4 _, HH HrHHHC4 rH 1 —It—It—It—1 04 04 04 T— IrHr-lr— 1 CM CM CM CM 

16 

CC 00 ^ CO Tf tB CO Tjn CO rf co 

,H 00 ^ O CO CM CO ^ 0 0 Cl ’TCOClOOOOCO-f lOCOCOOOCMCO^O 
,J rt< CO CO 05 T-H 04 rfl © t>- 05 N 05 H CO rf O CO O CM OC OCM ’tN 05 n CO tO 
'-+H rHrHrHrHrHT—1 rH rH rH rH rH 04 04 rHrHrHrHrH040404 

14 

. hJh co TjHCO Tf 00 CO rf OO't 00 nf 

■hCMOO^COCMOO^CO iO^CO’i , ONCOO50 -rf CO 04 O 05 CO CO lO ^ 

.'^‘ONCOOrHCM^iOO O CO CD r-i CO O N 05 NOr-M^CXOCM 

^3 r-Hi—IrHrHr-H H rH rH rH CM t— 1 i-h rH t—1 04 04 

12 

• 

.s 

* H CO CO O CM CO CO O 04 rfH co 0 ^ 00 04 CO 0 rf co ^ O CO CM 00 ^ O CO CM 
pC0'tON00 05OCMC0't iOt^.Q0O5rHO4Ht<LOCO CO 00 05 rH 04 rf' CO U— 05 

<+H rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH r- > rH 

10 

j-j co Hfl 00 Tf 00 rf rf 00 rf OC ^ 00 

^OOOOOOOOOO co 00 O rH CO to co 00 0 co 0 0 CO co 0 co co 0 

p'WtHiOCONCOOOhCM ^iONCOOOhCIt^ lOCOCCOOCJCO’tC 

'4H T—HrHrH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH 

GC 

£H ’tco ’tx r^co OO^OOr^OO^ 

,H ^CIOCOO^C40COCO NCCCIO^^CO^MCM CMM^^iCOONQf) 

04 CO r*H Hfi 10 CO 00 00 05 CO rf to CO 00 C5 O TH ^tOCONOOOCHM 

<H-H rH rH rH r _, ^h 

Size in 
Inches. 

OCOOCM^COOOCM^ OCOCI^CGOOM^ OCCCM’f COOOCM^ 

HrHHHCMCMCM rHHHHCMCMCM H H h H h C4 M CM 

XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX 

CO co 0 CO CO CO CO CO CO CO 00 00 00 00 oc oc 00 00 00 



































































TIMBER REDUCED TO BOARD MEASURE — {Continued). 


86 


LUMBER TABLES 



40 

• 

G 

•^OOOOOOOOO 

•NOO(NOO^OCD(N 

^(NCOCO'T'tiOOcOU. 

Tf 00 CO Tf 

CO o co co O O CO 
CO O CO CO O CO CO 
CO^^IOCOCCN 

ooooo 

GO CO Tf CM o 
Tf to co 00 

Tf Tf Tf Tf 

co CO O CO CO O 

tO tO GO CO t-h CM 

co oo O co co c: 

r-H r—^ ^ 


38 

' H OiO(N05CMCNTjH 

•tOCO'*f05lOT-H|>.CMCO 

^OKNCOCO-^iOiOOO 

CO Tf GO Tf co 

co o co co o co co 

rHCO^ONCOOl 
CO CO Tf to to co co 

CO CM CO Tf O 
to co o CO CO 
’’tiOcOcON 

oo oo oo oo 

O O co CO CM Hf 

CM t-h CM CO CO CM 

CO 00 O CM to CO 

r-H t-h t—h t-h 


36 

• 

G 

,m COO^COC 4CCO^OO 
•^r^-CMt^cooo^raiTf 
CM CM CO CO Tf Tf tO tO CO 

o o o o o o o 

OCdGO^OO 
CO CO Tf Tf to CO CO 

CM Hft CO 00 O 
CO ON^t CM 
Tf to iO CO *>- 

00 CO CM O CM GO 

OO co o 1C CM 
‘ONOlCM’TtN 

T-H T-H t-h 


34 

c® 

Tf CC Tf 00 Tf 


Tf Tf Tf Tf 


' h 05 10CNC0 01 OhM 
•WlOOlOOlOrlCOr- 

^CMCMcoco^f'n'io*-Oco 

CO O CO CO O CO CO 
CO'T 05 »0 r-( o Cl 
CM CO CO Tf to lO co 

GO O Tf CM O 
ON^tHOO 
Tf Tf to CO CO 

ic 1C OO CO T-H CM 
»OCMrHCONCO 
*0 co 05 T-H CO CO 


e* 

cc 

G 

CO Tf 00 Tf 00 


O0 oo oo oo 


,H oooco^woooo 

• ^Tfoccococococsit^ 
+^CMCMCMCOCOTfTfiOtO 

co O CO CO O CO co 
CO CM CM 00 CO 00 
CM CO CO Tf Tf to to 

Tf 00 CM CO O 

GO rH N Tf 

CO Tf to to CO 

CM CM Tf co O co 

CM CO CO CO Cl CO 
*0 co OO O CM to 

T-H T-H T-H 


30 

g"° 

■ rt NiCO^OiCOiOO 

•CWNriOOiOOrfi 

£CMCMCMCOCOTfTfTftO 

o o o o o o o 
iCOiOOiOOlO 
CM CO CO Tf Tf tO to 

OOOOO 
CO CM GO Ht- o 
CO Tf Tf to CO 

OOOOOO 

05 Tf T-H O T-h Tf 

Tf CO 00 O CM Tf 

T-H T-H r-H 


28 

• 

G 

^ CO Tfi 00 Tf 


Tf Tf Tf Tf 


' H OiOM^OOCON^ 

•CC^iOQCONiMCO 

+^^HCMCMCMcoeoTfTfio 

CO O CO CO o co co 

CO OO CM o. CM CO r-» 
CM CM CO CO Tf Tf tO 

CO 05 00 Tf O 
COOl^t OCO 

co co Tf to to 

NNcCCOClTf 
*0 05 lO CO CM Tf 

Tf *0 L'* 05 t-h CO 

T—H T-H 

© 

© 

£ 

G 
• ^ 

CD 

e* 

G° 

'^lOiO'tCOM^OOJOO 

NOCCNrHlOOUNO 

/£^Hr-<CMCMCOCOCO-fTf 

oo Tf oo Tf oo 

CO o CO CO O CO co 
r-<CO^C5CON 

CM CM CO CO CO Tf Tf 

CM Tf CO CO O 
T-H co T-H co CM 
CO CO Tf Tf to 

oo 00 00 O0 

Tf Tf cm co CO 00 

CM lO O CO Tf Tf 
■^lONOOOCM 

r-H T-H 

JG 

bfi 

G 

© 


• 

G 

,H WOCONOO^O0IM 
• CO OC r-uo CC (N O 05 CO 
^rHTHC^C^C^COCOCO^ 

o o o o o o o 

O^COCMCOO't 
CM CM CM CO CO Tf Tf 

00 CO 'Tf CM O 
GO CO OO CO GO 
CM CO CO Tf rf 

CM CM 00 O 00 CM 

05 TH Tf o CO lO 

CO to co 00 05 T-H 


22 

c ° 

Tf GO Tf GO Tf 


Tf Tf Tf Tf 


"™ l CO to CO t-h Tf l>- O CO CD 
•Tt'CDOiCOCOiCOCGi 

CO O CO CO O CO CO 
00 CM to 05 CO co O 
t-h CM CM CM CO CO Tf 

Tf 00 CM CO O 
COOiOClTf 
CM CO CO CO Tf 

05 05 Tf co t'H co 
no CO 05 CO OO to 

CO Tf to co o 

T-H 


c 

• 

’^tOOOOOOOOO 

" CO to CO —i^tNOCOO 
<+_ t"H r—• t— < CM CM CM CO CO CO 

00 rr 00 Tf 00 

co O CO CO O CO co 
CO' o co co o CO CO 

T-< CM CM CM CO CO CO 

ooooo 

Tf GO CM CO O 
CM CM CO CO Tf 

GO 00 00 00 

CONOCCO 

CM CM Tf CO O CO 

CO Tf to co GO 05 


18 

.2° 

,F "^iOMOiCDCOOSTt< 

JMWOOO'HrtNOJC^ 

t^rHiHr-lr-KMlMC^C^CO 

o o o o o o o 

lO GO N O CO 

t-h r-i CM CM CM CO CO 

co CM. oo Tf o 
^H tO 00 CM CO 
CM CM CM CO CO 

Tf Tf co O CO Tf 

05 CC CO o CM CO 

CM CO Tf CO I'h oo 


16 

• 

G 

Tf OC Tf 00 Tf 


Tf Tf Tf Tf 


H CCOr*- OOM OO^OO 
JOW'tOOJ^rfCOOO 

^,-.rHr-lrHTH(M(M(M(M 

CO O co CO O co CO 

CO CO OO t— * Tf CO 05 
rn r— i t— i CM CM CM CM 

CM t^ CO CO O 
05 CM to CO CM 
t-h CM CM CM CO 

T-H T-H cm CO to CO 

CO Tf CO CC Tf CO 

CM CO Tf to CO U— 


14 

.2° 

’ r “ , Tftocot^00 05tOt^CM 
UOJO(M^OooO(NiO 

OC Tf 00 Tf 00 

CO o CO co to CO co 

TH Tf co 00 O CO tO 
TH rH H TH CM C^ CM 

00 CO Tf CM O 
COC5CUOOO 

t-h CM CM CM CM 

GO GO 00 GO 

CC CO CO CO Tf CM 

CM 05 CO CO !>. 

CM CM CO Tf to CO 


12 

• 

c 

’ H rHOCOcO^(MOOOCO 

t-H T"H t-h r-H t-H i-H CM 

ooooooo 

O CM co OC O CM 

T-H r —1 1 —I 1 -H 1 -H CM CM 

Tf CO CM CO O 
Tf CO 05 tH Tf 
t— i t— i t- i CM CM 

CO CO Tf o Tf co 

05 to cm o co 

t-t CM CO Tf Tf to 


10 

,g® 

MOOiOOiOOiCO 

JCONO)OC4COiOOCO 

<4H i—( t-H ( r—( i—1 r—1 

Tf 00 Tf 00 Tf 

co O CO CO O CO CO 
OC G h co to co oo 

T-H t-H i—1 T— 1 r-H i-H 

OOOOO 
CM Tf O CC O 
T-h T—1 T—. T-H CM 

Tf Tf Tf Tf 

CO CO c CO CO o 
CCttNCOOOC 

T—< CM CM CO Tf Tf 

Size in 
Inches. 

05 O CM Tf co 00 O CM Tf 
HHHHHWMW 

xxxxxxxxx 

0 05 0105 0105 05 0) o 

O cm Tf CO GO O CM 
t—« t-H i-H t-H r-H CM CM 

xxxxxxx 

ooooooo 

T-H »—1 t-h 1— i-H T-H t-H 

CM Tf CO 00 O 

r-H r-H rH T-H CM 

xxxxx 

CM CM CM CM CM 

T-H 1-H T—H 1—H T— 1 

Tf CO OC O CM Tf 

T-H 1-H r- cm CM CM 

xxxxxx 

Tf CO 00 O CM Tf 
t-«t-CMCQCM 




















































































LUMBER TABLES. 


87 


SIZE, STRENGTH, ETC., OF COLUMBIAN-CLEVELAND 
JOIST HANGERS. 


Number 

of 

Hanger. 

Size of 
Joist. 

Safe 

Strength in 
Lbs., each 
Hanger. 

Number 

of 

Hanger. 

Size of 
Joist. 

Safe 

Strength in 
Lbs., each 
Hanger. 

1 

2X6 

5.000 

23 

24X14 

9,380 

2 

2X8 

5,000 

24 

24X14 

10,320 

3 

2X10 

7.500 

25 

24X14 

11,300 

4 

2 X 10 

9,380 

26 

24X16 

9,380 

5 

2 X 12 

7,500 

27 

24X16 

10,320 

6 

2 X 12 

8,440 

28 

24X16 

11,300 

7 

2 X 12 

9,330 

29 

3X6 

8,440 

8 

2 X 12 

10,320 

30 

3X8 

8,440 

9 

2 X 14 

8,440 

31 

3 X 10 

8.440 

10 

2 X 14 

9,330 

32 

3 X 12 

8,440 

11 

2 X 14 

10,320 

33 

3X14 

9,380 

12 

2X14 

11,300 

34 

3 X 16 

9,380 

13 

2 X 16 

9,330 

35 

3 X 16 

10,320 

14 

2 X 16 

10,320 

36 

4X6 

9,380 

15 

2 X 16 

11,300 

37 

4X8 

9,380 

16 

24 X 6 

8,440 

38 

4 X 10 

9,380 

17 

24 X 8 

8,440 

39 

4 X 12 

12,500 

18 

24X10 

8,440 

40 

4 X 14 

12,500 

19 

24X12 

8,440 

41 

4 X 16 

12,500 

20 

24X12 

9,380 

42 

4X16 

13,800 

21 

22 

24X12 

24X12 

10,320 

11,300 

43 

4 X 16 

15.000 


Double hangers 24 times the list of single 


JOIST TABLES. 

The following joist tables, which are used by permission of 
the Columbian Hardware Co., Cleveland, Ohio, were compiled 
by the Osborn Engineering Company, 

The object of these tables is to enable carpenters and builders 
to select the proper size of timber joist which should be used 
for a given load per square foot of floor area, a given spacing 
of the joists, and length of same. The sizes of timbers given 
in these tables will not deflect more 1 'han one three-hundredth 
and sixtieth ( 3 ^) of their length. Following the size of timber 
which should be used is the number of the hanger which should 
be used for that size timber. In most cases two sizes of joists 
or timbers are given, either of which may be used. 

The tables are based upon the use of white pine; see table 
of equivalent sizes for yellow pine. 

In order to use the tables it is necessary to know, 

1st. The load per square foot on the floor, including the 
weight of the floor. 

2d. The'spacing of the joists or timbers, centre to centre. 













LUMBER TABLES. 


3d. The span length of joists or timbers. 

The joist hanger, the sizes of which are given 
is the “Cleveland ” hanger, manufactured by 
Hardward Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 


TABLE OF EQUIVALENTS. 


2X8 

Yellow Pine or 

W hite 

II 

03 

o 

2X10 

White 

or 

2X10 


* * 



4 4 = 

2X12 

ft 4 


2X12 


4 4 

« 4 


4 4 = 

2X14 

4 4 

4 4 

2X14 


4 4 

4 4 


4 4 =r 

2X16 

4 ft 

4 4 

2X6 


( 4 

i » 


44 = 

2$ X 6 

4 4 

4 4 

2X8 

i ( 

4 4 

4 4 

• 4 

‘ 4 = 

2$ X8 

4 4 

ft 4 

2X10 

( t 

4 ft 

4 4 

4 4 

4 ' = 

2$ X 10 

4 4 

4 4 

2X12 

4 4 

4 4 

4 4 

4 4 

4 4 = 

2*X12 

• 4 

4 4 

2X 14 


4 • 

4 4 

t 4 

4 4 = 

2i X 14 

4 4 

4 6 

2X16 


4 4 

ft 4 

4 4 

4 4 = 

2% X 16 

4 ft 

- 4 

24X6 


* 4 

4 4 

4 4 

4 4 = 

3X6 

< 4 

• t 

24X8 


* 4 

6 • 

4 4 

4 4 = 

3X8 

ft • 

• 4 

24 X 10 

» t 

4 4 

4 4 

4 4 

# 4 = 

3X10 

ft 4 


24 X 12 


4 4 

4 4 

4 4 

4 4 = 

3X12 

4 ft 

1 ft 

24X14 


• 4 

( 4 

4 4 

4 4 = 

3X14 

4 4 

4 » 

4X16 

1 4 

4 • 

< t 

4 4 

4 4 = 

3X16 

ft ft 

4 4 

3X6 

» i 

4 4 

• 4 

4 4 

4 4 = 

4X6 

4 4 

ft 4 

3X8 

e i 

• # 


4 4 


4X8 

• « 

4 4 

3X10 

» • 

4 4 

4 4 

• 4 


4X10 

ft 4 

ft ft 

3X12 

4 4 

4 4 

4 4 

4 4 


4X 12 

4 4 

4 4 

3X14 

. ft 


It 4 

4 4 

4 4 = 

•4X14 


4 4 

3X16 

• i 

4 ft 

4 4 

4 4 

• 4 = 

4X16 


< » 

4X8 

ft 4 

4 4 

4 4 


4 * = 

5X8 

ft » 

4 ft 

4X10 

* ft 

• 4 

4 4 

4 4 

4 4 = 

5X10 

ft » 


4X 12 

4 « 

4 4 

4 1 

4 4 

4 4 = 

5X12 

ft 4 

4 ft 

4X14 

i ft 

4 4 

4 t 

4 * 

4 4 = 

5X 14 

• • 

• 4 

4X16 

c « 

4 4 


• ft 

4 4 = 

5X16 

ft • 

t 4 

5X8 

( ft 

4 4 

4 4 

4 4 


6X8 

ft • 

4 4 

5X10 

. 4 

4 4 

4 4 

« 4 


6X10 


* 4 

5X12 

• 4 


• 4 

4 4 


6X12 

4 ft 

4 4 

5X14 

ft 4 

4 t 

a f 

• 4 


6X14 

4 4 

* 4 

5X16 



4 4 

» » 


6X16 

4 ft 

4 4 

6X8 

4 4 

4 < 

4 4 

• 4 


8X8 

ft ft 

4 4 

6X10 

» 4 

i 4 

4 * 

4 4 


8X10 

ft 4 

4 4 

6X12 

4 ft 

4 4 

4 4 

ft 4 


8X12 

4 4 

4 ft 

6X14 

4 ft 

4 4 

* 4 

ft 4 


8X14 

4 4 

4 ft 

6X16 

4 4 

4 4 

4 4 

ft 4 


8X16 

4 4 

4 4 

8X10 

* 4 

1 • 

4 4 

4 4 


10X10 

4 • 

4 ft 

8X12 

• l 

* 4 


ft 4 


10X12 

4 4 

* * 

8X14 


4 4 


4 ft 

4 4 = 

10X14 

4 4 

ft ft 

8X16 

* 4 

4 1 


4 4 

4 ft _ 

10X16 

4 4 

ft 4 

10X12 

4 4 

o 4 


4 4 

4 4 _ 

12X12 

ft ft 

• 4 

10X14 

ft 4 

• 4 

4 4 

4 4 

ft 4 _ 

12X14 

ft 4 

ft ft 

10X16 

4 4 

4 4 

4 4 

4 4 


12X16 

ft 4 

ft ft 

10X18 

4 4 

4 4 

4 4 

4 ft 

4 4 __ 

12 X 18 

4 4 

ft ft 

12X14 

• 4 

4 4 

4 4 



14X14 

ft 4 

4 4 

12 X 16 

* • 

4 * 

4 4 

4 4 


14X16 

ft ft 

• 4 

12X18 


4 4 

4 4 

4 4 


14X18 

< ft 

4 4 


in these tables, 
the Columbian 


Norway Pine. 




















Total Load = 40 Pounds per Square Foot. 

Joists given in this table will not deflect more than 1/360 of their length. 


LUMBER TABLES 


89 


"d +* 

<D t-t 

O d 
d Q. 

&«' 

73 GO 

d 

.2^ 

^5 CM 


03 *h 

o d 
d a 

73 GO 

G 

CO 

• ih ^ 

^CM 
^ CM 


U 

O 7T * 

o rtfrj‘33 . 
cr a 


CM CO F- to GO OS CM COCO © pH 

CO CO CO r—i CO CO -rf 


o*S 

0*0 

.2^ 

m 


© 2 ^ CM CO ^ CO ^ CO 

CO t-h 00 t-h »“H T—I r—< t-h r—I r—• 

x xx xx xx xx x 

CM CM CM CM CO CM CO CO rt« 


^ <3 T? ^ 

° bO • V CD 
. a V *h 0 on 

O «aT5 3 . 

O' 0, 


o C3 ^ 

ZEE 


CM 


CO F- lOH OS CM COCO COO •— 

CO CO CO t—I CO CM 


- 4 -> 

7? 


<D. 

N O 
•■ 

gq^ 9 


00 

X 

CM 


i GO 


CM O CM CO rf CO Tf CO 


XX XX XX XX X-X X 

CM rP CM CO CM CO CM CO HntJI 

CM 


"d 

o fc-. 

o d 
d a 
£.< 

wr- re\ 

+* d 

^5 CM 

No. of 
Hanger 
Re¬ 
quired 

(see 
p. 87). 

CM CO 
CO 

cor^ 

CO 

5 

31 

OS OS 

CO co 

T-H CM 

CO o 

CM Tti 

Tf 

T-H 


Size of 
Joist. 

2X8 

4X6 

2X10 

4X8 

2X12 

3X10 

Tt< CM 

t-H r—1 

XX 

CM H>n 
CM 

CO 

T-H T-H 

XX 

CM He* 
CM 

CO Tt< 

T-H t-H 

XX 

CM 

4X16 

4X16 


0) *h 

o d 
d Q. 

£« 

No. of 
Hanger 
Re¬ 
quired 

(see 
p. 87). 

CM CO 
CO 

co o 

CO 

to oo 

T—1 

OS os 

t—H 

CO CO 
T-H CM 

CO CO 
T-H CO 

34 

T-H 

Tt< 


73 GQ 




o 

CM O 

^ CM 

CO rt< 

CO H< 

CO 

CO 

i 

+-> d 

C _*_> 


00 CO 

t-h GO 

T-H t-H 

r-H T-H 

T-H T-H 

t-H t-H 




73 L__ 

• pH ^ 

O 

®.S 

N O) 


XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

X 

X 


^22 

Vd 1-5 


CM ^ 

CM CO 

CM h|c* 

<M nb» 

CM He* 

CM CO 

CO 




ui J 




CM 

CM 

CM 






*d*> 

<D f-. 

o d 

d o, 

r£C 


O TJ 

ObCi OD N 

. c *- a>co 

O' a 


CMOS CO F- tO 00 tO GO OS CM COO COO hh 

CM i—I ’-h CO CO t-h CM Tf rf 


Joists f 

16 Ins. 

Size of 
Joist. 

2X8 

3X6 

O 

T-H 00 

XX 

CM Hn 
CM 

CM O 

T-H T-H 

XX 

CM Hn 
CM 

2X12 

4X10 

2X14 

3X12 

CO 

t-H t-H 

XX 

CM H H 

CO rfi 

r-H t—H 

XX 

Hc*Hr 

CM 

4X16 


<D Sh 

o d 
d Q. 

CQ^ 

No. of 
Hanger 
Re¬ 
quired 

(see 
p. 87). 

CM Os 
CM 

CO F- 
^—1 

cor^ 

co 

lO oc 
CO 

OS CM 
CO 

CO CO 
t-H CM 

CO O 
CM H 1 


Tf 

CO GO 

.2h5 

“ T-H 

Size of 
Joist. 

2X8 

3X6 

o 

T-H CO 

XX 

CM H^ 
CM 

o 

T-H CO 

XX 

CM rfi 

2X 12 

4 X 10 

2X14 

3X12 

CO -t 1 

H t-H 

XX 

CM Hn 
CM 

CO -H 

t-H t-H 

XX 

He'H^ 

CM 

4X16 

4X16 

TJh-S 
c H 
o d 
d d. 

ZA 

No. of 
Hanger 
Re¬ 
quired 

(see 
p. 87). 

CM CO 

CM 

cor^ 

co 

to ' 
CO 

OS OS 

Os OS 
CO 

CO CO 

T-H CO 

CO O 
CM hJ- 


CO GO 

-m d 

co 

• pH ^ 

“ t-H 

Size of 
Joist. 

GO CO 

XX 

CM Hn 
CM 

2X8 

1 2X10 

4X8 

2X12 

3X10 

H< CM 

t-H 

XX 

CM HN 
CM 

2X14 

4X12 

2X 16 

3X14 

CO ^ 

T-H t-H 

XX 

TMc-iTf 

CM 

CO 

X 

rf 


d 

•pH • 

d <d 
d a> 

CQ 


X 






CD X 


c 


w 


0* 




















































90 


LUMBER TABLES, 


CM 

c 

2; 


m 

< 

h 

H 

CO 

HH 

o 


h 

c 

o 

w 

p$ 

p 

a 

CQ 

tf 

W 

P 


W 0D 


£ 

P 

o 

eu 

to 


Q 

<1 

C 

hP 

P 

<1 

H 

O 

H 


JG 

-*—* 

60 

G 

<12 

t- 
• >—< 
02 
rG 


O 

CO 

CO 


G 

o3 

JG 


02 

t-H 

c 


43 

o 

<12 

CP 

02 

73 

43 

o 

G 


£ 

2 

<3 

43 

72 

• P"4 

-G 

43 

G 

• pH 

G 

02 

> 

’Si 

72 

43 

7) 


"O 4^ 
02 *h 

O P 
c3 a 

72 72 

43 G 

•2~ 

o 0 

^7 H 


73 *$ 
02 *-« 
o c3 
<G Q. 

9-<3 

V2' 

72 72 

43 G 
• £~ 

^7 1—( 


73^ 

02 Sh 

C2 Ci 

c3 a 

X 

No. of 

Hanger 

Re¬ 

quired 

(see 

p. 87). 

cot^ 

t-H 

to 

r-H 

02 02 
r-H 

CO CO 
rH CM 

co 0 

CM 

34 


72 72 
■43 0 

72 lU 

• rH “ 

O —4 

<4H 

04 


O 

T-H GO 

CM 

T-H GO 

rf CM 

T-H t-H 

CO H- 

t—t t-H 

CO Tf 

T-H T-H 

CO 

T—t 


©.S 

N O 

cc^ 


XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

X 


^7 CM 


CM 

CM 

CM Hci 
CM 

CM Hs* 
CM 

CM H** 
CM 

r-*NT^1 

03 

CO 


73 4^ 

02 *h 

C2 P 

o a 
£-< 

No. of 
Hanger 
Re¬ 
quired 

0jP 

I 00 

w d 

• 

• 

cm ; 

• 

• 

co 

CO 

1C CO 

co 

02 02 
CO 

CO CO 

T-H CO 

34 

T-H 

72 72 

43 p 

k h 

*4- 

.. C/2 


• 

00 • 

t-H GO 

CM O 

t-H r-H 

^ CM 

t-H t-h 

CO Hf 

T-H T-H 

co 

T-H 

CO 

rH 


02.r- 

S3 C 


x : 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

X 

X 

►^CM 



CM • 

cm ^ 

CM ^ 

CM 

CM CO 

co 


Spaced 

Apart. 

No. of 
Hanger 
Re¬ 
quired 

(see 
p. 87). 

• 

• 

cm ; 

• 

• 

co 

co 

tO T-H 

CO 

02 CM 
CO 

CO CO 

T-H CO 

CO 0 
CM Tf 

rH 

Hr 

oists I 

) Ins. 

4- 


• 

CO 

0 

T-H 00 

CM O 

t-H 1—1 

Tfr CM 

t-h t-h 

CO Hf 

T-H T-H 

CO H* 

t—t t-H 

CO 

t-H 

ai.S: 

N C 


X • 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

X 


•pH __ 


cm ; 

CM t* 

CM CO 

CM CO 

CM CO 

He-H* 

CM 


73 43 

02 Jh 

0 c3 

CO 0. 

cw 

No. of 
Hanger 
Re¬ 
quired 

(see 
p. 87). 

CM CO 
CO 

co 

co 

tO T-H 

CO 

02 CM 
CO 

CO CO 
t-h CM 

CO O 
CM 

t-H 

72 72 

43 p 

►S 00 

^7 r-H 

«4h 

O 4^ 


00 CO 

0 

T-H 00 

CM O 

T-H t-H 

Tf CM 

t-H r-H 

CO Tt* 

T-H T-H 

CO T*t 

t-H r-H 

CO 

T-H 

02-£ 
S3 O 


XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

X 

. zj 4 

X^ 


CM ^ 

CM 

CM CO 

CM CO 

CM He. 
CM 

Hf‘^ 

CM 



St 

^02 T? * 
O bfi i 02 02 N 

. fl 02 ^ 02 qo 

o 

cr a 


CM CO 
CO 


CO O ic oo 
CO rH 


02 0 CO CO CO CO 
r—i t-H CM t-H CO 


Tt« 

CO 


<4- 

GO CO 

O 

CM O 

CM 

CO Tjt 

CO Htt 

co 

co 

C ^ 

T-H GO 

T-H T-H 

T—t t-H 

T-H t—( 

rH t-H 

T-H 

T-H 

a? 

02 .h 

S3 O 

• rn l™. 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

X 

X 

CM Tfi 

CM CO 

CM H<n 
CM 

CM He. 
CM 

CM 

CM 

CM CO 

CO 



No. of 
Hanger 
Re¬ 
quired 

(see 
p. 87). 

CM 02 
CM 

CO 

T-H 

to 00 

T-H 

iOOO 

CO 

02 CM 
CO 

CO CO 
rH CO 

CO O 
CM rf 

T-H 

< 4 * 


00 CO 

0 

CM O 

CM O 

CM 

CO 

CO 

co 

0 ^ 


T-H 00 

T-H T-H 

t-H T-H 

T-H T-H 

rH T-H 

T“H T-H 

T-H 

0.2 


XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

X 



CM CO 

CM h4n 
CM 

CM He* 
CM 

CM 

CM CO 

CM CO 

HN4f 

CM 



73 43 * 

02 Sh 

C2 p 

a a 

No. of 
Hangei 
Re¬ 
quired 

(see 
p. 87). 

CM 

co 

T-H 

CO L- 

co 

to T-H 

co 

02 02 
T—t 

CO CO 
t-h CM 

CO O 
CM ^ 

44 

CO 

T-H 

co w 

U-4 



0 

0 

CM O 

Tf< CM 

CO H" 

CO Hf 

CO 

cc 

4-> C 

O 


oc 

T-H 00 

T-H 00 

T-H T-H 

T—l T-H 

T-H T—H 

T-H t-H 



• rH 1 1 

Ss 

02 .^ 
N O 


X 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

X 

X 

•rH l_- 
02^ 


CM 

CM H* 
CM 

CM Hr 

CM CO 

CM Hn 
CM 

CM Hc^ 
CM 

Hc»H< 

CM 

CO 



4^ 

G 02 
C8 r ® 

q,Ph 

03 


X 




Tt< 


CO 


X 


O W T* 

w c* 0> 

















































LUMBER TABLES 


91 


h 

O 

O 

Ph 

H 

P 

. a 

CO CQ 


o 

« 

CQ 

< 

H 

H 

co 

HH 

o 


0 } 

Q 

£ 

P 

O 


o 

>0 


Q 

H 

O 

-Q 

◄ 

H 

O 

H 


rd 

H-5 

bO 

fi 

© 


0 ) 

jd 

+3 


o 

co 

co 


d 

d 

-d 

•*n 


tf 0 
w ^ 
£ ° 


a 

.u> 

o 

0 

33 

0 




o 

d 


£ 

-2 

3 

d 

m 

Jd 


Joists Spaced 

24 Ins Apart, 

No. of 

Hanger 

Re¬ 

quired 
* (see 

p 87 ) 

CO N- 

t—H 

tO oo 

rH 

05 05 

r —1 

CO “O 
—< cq 

to o 
cq 

r-H 

Hi 


Size of 

Joist. 

o 

— DO 

XX 

cq - 4 n 
cq 

cq O 

XX 

Cq h*n 

cq 

h cq 

r—i r—H 

XX 

Cq Hw 
cq 

cO H 

' t—H 

XX 

cq - 4 ^ 
oq 

CO Tt< 

r —1 < 

XX 

cq 

CO 

r-H 

X 

Hi 


Joists Spaced 

22 Ins Apart. 

No of 
Hangei 
Re¬ 
quired 
(see 

P 87 ). 

CO 

r-H 

to oo 

T —1 

003 

1 “H 

CO CO 

r—i cq 

co o 
cq Hi 

T-H 

H 


Size of 
Joist. 

O 

~-i oo 

XX 

cq - 4 n 
cq 

01 XH 

ZlXZ 

h cq 

XX 

Cq ^r> 

cq 

CO 

r-H *-H 

XX 

cq 

cq 

CO Th 

XX. 

Hc^Hi 

cq 

4 X 16 


Joists Spaced 

20 Ins Apart 

No. of 
Hanger 
Re¬ 
quired 
(see 

P 87 ). 

• 

cq ; 

CO N» 
CO 

to oo 
CO 

05 05 

co 

co co 

T-H CO 

34 

H 

Hi 

Size of 
Joist. 

2 X 8 

2 X 10 

4 X 8 

2 X 12 
4 X 10 

2 X 14 
4 X 12 

CO Hi 

*—1 T —1 

XX 

cq co 

3 X 16 

4 X 16 

Joists Spaced 

18 Ins. Apart 

No of 
Hanger 
Re¬ 
quired 
(see 
p 87 ) 

• 

• 

cq . 

• 

• 

CO ^ 
CO 

tO 

CO 

o> cq 
co 

co co 
f —1 co 

CO O 
cq HI 

r-H 

Size of 
Joist. 

2 X 8 

2 X 10 

4 X 8 

2 X 12 
3 X 10 

2 X 14 
3 X 12 

2 X 16 

3 X 14 

CO H> 

r-H —H 

XX 

-hN H 

cq 

4 X 16 

T 3 ^ 

0 Sh 

o d 

d Di 

r D ^ 

No of 
Hanger 
Re¬ 
quired 
(see 
p 87 ) 

Cq O 

CO 

co n- 

CO 

IO rH 1 

CO 

05 05 
t-H 

CO CO 
i cq 

CO O 
cq h 

r-H 

H 

'JJ. 

m ’jQ 

m— i 


o 

ci o 

rr cq 

CO H> 

CO H 

cO 

^ d 

o ^ 

00 o 

GO 

r-H •—H 


t—( i—i 

r—H r-H 

H 

CQ 

•.—i ^ 

a) £ 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

X 

O^o 

N o 

cq h 

cq H< 

cq co 

cq 

cq Hr* 

Hn H< 

Hi 

“ t—< 

3 “* 




cq 

cq 

cq 



d 

. rH 

d 

a 

> 

73 ^ 

0) N 

o d 
d a 

CQ CQ 

h> d 

No of 
Hanger 
Re¬ 
quired 

0 rC 

^ d 

cq 'to 

CO 

coo 

CO 

to oo 

05 05 

»—l 

co co 
cq 

coco 

1—1 CO 

H O 
CO H 

rH 

H 

• rH 

b£) 

<4H 

o ^ 


00 CO 

o 

rH 00 

cq o 

t-H —H 

h cq 

t-H t-H 

CO H 

f-H rH 

O H 

1 -H r-H 

CO H 

rH r-H 


CQ 

H-5 

CQ >_i 

• rH ^ 

0 r- 


XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

X 

CQ 

• 

O 

'H) t-h 

S3 o 


cq h 

cq co 

cq -4^ 
cq 

cq 

cq 

cq -N 
cq 

cq co 

CO Hi 

H 


•d ^ 

u 

o d 
d ^ 
P-<! 

CO CQ 

4-> 2 

•2-i 

t-H 


‘H 0 ^ 

° M ^ 0r>- 

d O g 0 DO 

o - rJ1 




d' 
O' 


cq 05 con con- to —' 
cq t —• CO co 


05 Cl COCO CO O H T-H 
CO »—< CM Wrji co ^ 


O J 
O 2 

S3 O 


d a> 
d® 
C.&H 
CO 


X 


o 

O 

cq o 

h cq 

<0 Hi 

CO H 

co 

*03 

— X) 

—I 00 

t—i 

— i r-H 

r—^ r-H 

— i ^ 

r-H 


XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

X 

X 

cq 

cq 

cq h 

cq co 

cq co 

cq 

cq 

HmH 

cq 

CO 

H 

O 

W 


CD 

GO 

O 


H 

H 


rH 

■H 































































92 


LUMBER TABLES. 


o 

55 

W 

CQ 

<1 

H 


O 


O 

o 


tf 

w 

m 

Q 

£ 

D 

O 

a, 


A 

<1 

o 

-3 

A 

■< 

o 

H 


-d 

4_> 

bfi 

G 

02 


a; 

-d 

-w 


o 

CO 

CO 

X 


H 
05 
<1 
P 
C? 

OQ © 


d 

d 

-G 


t-t 

O 

a 

o 

02 

•d 

02 

-a 

-u> 

C 

d 


H o 
W ^ 


jd 

3 

d 

-u 

02 

• fH 

rd 

•*■3 

d 

• ^ 

d 

<v 

bC 

co 

CO 
' •—> 

O 

>”0 


"d ^ 

© Lm 

O a3 
d O, 
g-<3 

CO 0} 

+-> G 

. 2-1 

^ cm 


*d ^ 

02 Jh 

a d 
d a 

02 02 
4^ C 

Wm 

o. 

■-5 CM 


*d ^ 

© £h 

O 3 
d a 

CO m 

G 

• hH 

“ CM 


-d ^ 

02 t-< 
O sj 
d a. 

Q.<; 

C0 02 

-*-> d 

.B-H 

° 30 

*“5 r—t 


No of 

Hanger 

Re¬ 

quired 

(see 

P 87). 

co o 
co 

tO —^ 
CO 

f 

05 CM 
CO 

m 

coco 

CO 

34 

fH 


Size of 

Joist 

o 

*-• 30 

XX 

CM -O 

2X12 

3 X 10 

2X14 

3X 12 

2X16 

3X 14 

O 

X 

CO 

91 Xf 


No. of 
Hanger 
Re¬ 
quired 
(see 

P 87) 

co o 

CO 

LO 

CO 

05 CM 

co 

co co 
»-< co 

^ o 

ro Tf 



Size of 
Joist 

2X10 

3X8 

2X12 

3X10 

2X14 

3X12 

CO rti 

T-H 

XX 

CM co 

3X 16 

4X14 

91 X ^ 


No. of 
Hanger 
Re¬ 
quired 
(see 

P 87) 

co e- 

o co 

r—( 

05 05 

CO co 
r-i CM 

CO O 
CM 



M—i 

o 

CM O 

Tf CM 

co Tf 

'O T* 

co 


O +3 

—• 30 

—r—H 



■»—1 T—H 

»-h 


<D 2 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

X 



CM 

CM 

CM H<n 

CM 


Tf 



CM 

CM 

CM 

CM 

^4 




$-4 

-£02 TJ ^ 
O b£) I CD 02 
P O ^ 02 oo 

O dtf *33 

ZK cr a- 


CO E- to CO 05 05 


CO co 
*-1 cm 


co o 

CM Ttl 


co 


<4-4 

o 

CM O 

r*< CM 

CO 

co ^ 

CO 

O 

—i CO 

T*—' *— 1 


»H f-H 

t-H — H 

»-H 

<u.2 

(•0 o 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

X 

• ■T* 

CM 

CM 

CM Hc^ 

CM Hh 


co 


CM 

CM 

CM 

CM 

CM 



Joists Spaced 
16 Ins. Apart 

No. of 
Hangei 
Re¬ 
quired 

(see 

P 87). 

• 

cm ; 

• 

• 

CO E- 

co 

to 30 

co 

05 CM 
CO 

CO ro 
»—i co 

Tt< O 
CO 

rt< 


Size of 
Joist. 


2X8 

2X10 

4X8 

2X 12 
4X10 

2X14 

3X12 

2X16 

3X14 

3X16 

4X14 

4X16 


Joists Spaced 

14 Ins Apart 

No of 
Hanger 
Re¬ 
quired 

(see 
p. 87). 

CM CO 

co 

CO E- 
CO 

5 

31 

05 CM 
CO 

co co 

^ CM 

CO O 
CM t*i 

T ti 


Size of 
Joist. 


2X8 

4X6 

2X10 

4X8 

2X12 

3X10 

2X14 

3X12 

CO Tf< 

r-H r—( 

XX 

CM 

CM 

CO 

XX 

-*N 

CM 

4X16 


"d 4* 

© L* 

o c3 
d a 

5*'<j 
r /} 

No. of 
Hanger 
Re¬ 
quired 

(see 
p. 87). 

CM CO 
CO 

CO o 
CO 

to 00 

05 05 

COCO 
—« CM 

CO CO 
<—< CO 

-rM 

CO 

Tft 

02 CQ 

<4-1 



o 

CM O 

^T 1 .CM 

CO Tf« 

CO TH 

CO 

CO 

o ^ 

o ^ 


co co 

— oo 

•—< -h 

y—i 

—4 

y—> —i 

r—^ 


<d.22 


XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

X 

X 

CM 

^ 1-H 



CM ^ 

CM CO 

CM Hc» 
CM 

CM 

CM 

CM 

03 

CM CO 

CO 

rr 


■o 
G 02 
d r © 
q&h 
CQ 


X 


e* 




CD 


X 


O C* 
0* W 



















































JOIST TABLE NO. 5. 

Total Load = 70 Pounds pee Square Foot. 

Joists given in this table will not deflect more than 1/360 of their length. 


LUMBER TABLES. 


-& 

05 Ui 

O o3 
33 q, 

02^ 


^ a! "d ^ 

o 

cr w a 




co 

co 


to 00 
co 


co co 

^ CM 


oo 

CM Tf 




Joists 
24 Ins 

Size of 

Joist. 


2X10 

4X8 

01 Xf 

zixz 

CD 

r— *-H 

XX 

CM r^M 
CM 

CD t* 

—H r-H 

XX 

CM 

4X16 


“d ^ 

05 *H 

O 33 

33 Q, 

a<! 

02 

.No of 
Hanger 
Re¬ 
quired 

(see 

P 87). 

co o 
ro 

1C *-H 
CO 

05 03 

CO 

CD O 
CM Tti 

34 


n a 

.22>-h 

^cm 

“ CM 

Size of 
Joist. 


2X10 

3X8 

2X12 

3X10 

2X14 

3X 12 

CD t* 

r-H —H 

XX 

HC<Tt» 

CM 

3X 16 


“d J 

05 in 

O 33 

c3 a 
cw 

jNo. of 
Hanger 
Re¬ 
quired 

(see 
p. 87). 

coo 

CO 

5 

31 

05 CM 
CO 

co co 

-H CO 

Tf 

co 

r-H 

tJ- 1 

03 75 

-M £ 

.22^ 

® ° 

“ CM 

Size of 
Joist. 


2X 10 
3X8 

2X12 

3X10 

2X 14 
3X 12 

2X 16 
.3X14 

3X16 

4X16 

-d 4^ 

05 *h 

O 33 

33 a, 

a<H 

No. of 
Hanger 
Re¬ 
quired 
(see 

P 87). 

co 

r-H 

to 00 

r—I 

05 05 

T—l 

CO CO 
CM 

CD O 
CM rf 

r-H 

Tt< 

GO GO 

t+-i 


o 

S2 

CM 

CD rh 

CD rfr 

cD 

-4-> c3 

o J, 


r— • 00 

r-H r-H 

r-H r-H 

r-H r-H 

r-H 

GO 

* rH ' 

O 

©2 
N O 


XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

X 

Jr 

*0 r-H 


CM Hr* 
CM 

CM -fri 
CM 

CM -*n 
CM 

CM 

CM 

HC4Tt< 

CM 



"d 

• 

4^> 

<4H 0) 

o So 

i 

"d 

05 

05 









05 


. a 

05 

»H 

05 


co t>. 

tO 

OO 

05 05 

co co 

CD O 

P 1 ^ 

C5 

33 

O cd 

es 

-1 

75 


r-H 


"-H 

H 

— CM 

CM tT 


33 Ut 

rr> 

25 B 

cr 


a 








7) 

73 


t4H 




o 

CM 

o 

Tin CM 

CD 

CD rH 

CD 

-4—^ 

d 


O 




^ 00 

r-H 





r-H 

CO 

• H 

o 

H-i 

D> 


05 

S3 

H 

7} 

• ^ 

o 



XX 

CM 

X 

CM 

X 

XX 

CM 

XX 

CM 

XX 

X 



U2 




CM 


CM 

CM 

CM 

CM 



“d+J 

05 'h 
C 5 d 

33 a 
a«jj 

0Q <£ 

■£ d 

O'* 

^ T-H 


£h 

^ 05 “d ^ 

o bC I <D 0) 

. a ^ ^ ^ oo 

o . 

ZIM o' a 




©.2 
S3 o 


co o- 
co 


to 00 
co 


05 05 
CO 


co co 
r-n co 


TfH 

CO 





• 

• 

o 

CM O 

^ CM 

cD rJH 

CD 

CD 

oo 


00 

r-H r-H 

r-H —H 

r —1 H 

T-H 

r-H 

X 


XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

' / 

X\ 

X 

CM 


CM r* 

CM Tt< 

CM T* 

CM CO 

CO 



-d 

05 t-» 

o c3 
33 Q, 

w <n 

-*-> a 

,2»-h 
•—< 


In 

^ 05 “d 
° bC i 05 <u ^ 

• a 05 Jh (Doo 

o osctf 3v3 

ZB* o 1 d 


CM CO 
CO 


co 

co 


to 


co 


05 CM 
CO 


CO CO 
r-H CM 


COO 
CM ^ 


Tt< 


<4H 


O 

CM O 


CD ^ 

CD ^ 

CD 

' O ^ 

oo o 

— 00 

r-H —. 

r-H —H 

—' —' 

T-H r-H 

r—« 

05.22 

S3 O 

02^ 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

X 

CM ^ 

CM rfi 

CM co 

CM CO 

CM 

CM 

-*N Tf 

CM 



. 4^ 

d o 
3305 
o£n 
02 


00 


O 

H 


H 


rH 


CO 


00 

H 


o 

0? 


















































94 


LUMBER TABLES. 


co 

o' 

z 

H 

CQ 

< 

H 

H 

m 

H —1 

o 


Eh 

O 

C 

E 

05 

<J 

P 

C? 

C/j 

05 

E 

E 

0 Q 

Q 

£ 

P 

O 

Ah 

o 

oo 


G 

<! 

O 

-1 

G 

< 

H 

O 

H 


-G 

bfi 

g 

<D 


<D 

jC 

4^> 


o 

-o 

CO 


c 

G 

jG 

-+-> 

0 ) 

u 

o 


4^> 

o 

<D 

QG 

<D 

"O 

o 

G 


-2 

3 

G 

4-> 

CQ 

• r-H 

-G 

4-> 


G 

<D 

* 2 ) 

CQ 

4-3 

CQ 

• r-H 

O 

•“O 


*G 40 

0 (h 

o G 
G Cl 

GG^ 

03 CQ 

40 G 

. 2 -h 

^ 03 


"0 40 

0 U 

o G 
G Q. 
£■<3 

ce 

03 CQ 

40 G 

^ 03 


"C 40 
0 Sh 

O G 
G C- 

GG^ 

CQ M 

40 G 

CQ^H 

^ 03 


T3 40 

0 Sh 

o G 
G Cl 

CQ CQ 

40 G 

.^M 

J2 00 


“O 40 

0 U 

O G 

G CL 

GG 

CQ CQ 

40 G 

2 >H 
O g 

^ r-H 


To 40 
0 u 
o G 
G Cl 

a<J 

GG^ 

CQ CQ 

40 g 

CQ 

Ort^ 

~0 i-H 


“C 40 
0 t-. 

O G 
G CL 

GO^ 

CQ CQ 

40 G 
.£-4 

^03 


o 

o 


0 

cd -d 
be • <d 

G E Sh 

(see 

87). 






co 

03 03 

co co 

rtn O 


cs«'3 

X 

—4 

— 03 

CO Tt^ 

Hi 

13 cr 

a 






U —1 


0 

03 

O tH 

CO rti 

co 

° 43 


— X 

—-* —* 

1 — 1 

1 —t 

■■ i 

cu.2 
(?0 .0 


XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

X 

‘(A~> 


03 tH 

03 Hif4 
03 

03 He* 
03 

CO ^ 

Hi 


O S3 


<D T3 — 

be j. i) 0 k. 

G S 00 


G 0 ) 

.V 


cr 


co r^ 
co 


10 00 co co (CO 

co — 03 03 Hi 


U-t 

O 

03 O 

'05 Hi 

CO Hi 

co 

® 4-3 

-H X 

— *“4 

T —1 -H 

»-H —-4 

—•* 

<D ^2 

CS3 O 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

X 

rjj^ 

03 rf 

03 H' 

03 Hn 
03 

He* H’ 
03 

H> 


^ a> -a 

0 be I 0 0 
G P tn 0' QQ 

O GChg “ 

2iJ CT cl 


co 


co 


*0 X) 

CO 


OL OS 
CO 


00 —■ 

03 H H 


0.2 

(S3 C 


O 

03 O 

H -03 

CO H< 

CO 

— 1 X 

•—< — 4 

»—. —^ 

—< —4 

— 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

X 

03 H 1 

03 Hi 

03 Hi 

He* H 
03 

Hi 


^ O -O ^ 
0 bD 1 o 0 N 
. G ^ ^4 0 QQ 

O 3tf 00 


z;E 


G 

cr 


CL 


CO o 
TO 


10 


CO 


03 03 

CO 


co co 

T-i CO 


h 

co 


u-> 

0 ^ 

0 

03 O 

H* 03 

CO H 1 

CO 

CO 

4— ' 

*•> CQ 

— ' X 

<—1 1—1 

»— — 




cd .in 
aQ 0 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

X 

X 

06 1-5 

03 X 

03 CO 

03 CO 

03 CO 

CO 

Hi 




*4 

O XS 
bo 1 0 

G o ^ 

GCn G 

C7 


o 

& 00 


CO ^ IOOO 03 03 


co co co o ~- 

— 03 03 Hi H 


OJ, 

0.2 

S3 O 


O 

03 O 

■H> 03 

CD ^ 

CO Hi 

co 

^4 X 

■— 1 T—4 

T—1 r-H 

»■ 4 

—1 -4 


XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

X 

03 He* 
03 

03 Hc« 
03 

03 Hn 
03 

03 H^ 
03 

He* H" 
03 

Hi 


2; EC 


E 

O 

be 1 

G a> e 

s3« 3 


73 

<D 


Oco 


co 


ic x 


03 03 co co 00 

^ ^ 03 03 ^ 


rt' 


W 4^ 

0.2 

CS3 O 


0 

03 O 

Hi 03 

CO H"- 

co Hi 

CO 

*-i X 

»—4 *—H 

*—i 1—4 

y—i —H 

•—1 


XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

X 

03 He* 
03 

03 He* 
03 

03 He* 
03 

03 

03 

H* Hi 
03 

Hi 


^ <d t? 

0 be 1 o 0 ^ 

• G ^ ^ O 00 

o J 

cr^ o. 


03 


CO 

co 




CO 


03 03 CO CO 4f o 

CO *-« CO CO ^ 




CD 2 
O 


• 

O 

03 O 

H* 03 

CO Hi 

CO Hi 

CO 

X 

X 

— 1 

— 

y—‘ —4 

1 —. 


x ; 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

X 

03 

03 H< 

03 co 

03 CO 

03 CO 

CO Hi 

Hi 


c o 

G .0? 




o 

H 


^ CD 00 O 

H rH r-l ^ 































































Total Load = 90 Pounds per Square Foot. 

Joists given iu this table will not deflect more than 1/360 of their length. 


LUMBER TABLES 


95 



M 






73^* 

T3 

o bfi 1 0)0^ 






0) »- 

o dWS ® 

^33 o' a. 

to 00 

05 05 

tP CO 

tP 


o d 

a a 

CE' 


T—4 

t— • CO 

CO 








oo ro 


CM O 

Tp CM 

CO Tp 

CO 



O +J 

r—i r—i 

r-T T-H 

»—1 . 

r—> 


,£h 

o.2 

N O 

00^ 

XX 

XX 

XX 

X 


^ CM 

CM Hc^ 
CM 

CM H^» 
CM 

CM CO 

CO 


73^ 

O) u 

No of 
Hanger 
Re¬ 
quired 
(see 

| P- 87). 

CO P- 

05 05 

CO CO 

tp O 


o d 

«j a 
S*<! 

73 7) 

CO 

»—< 

' —* CM 

CO Tp 

Tp 


0 

Tp CM 

O Tf 

CO TP 

co 

-+-> d 

O +j 

T-> 00 

rH rH 

rr rH 

rH rH 

rH 

-S»— • 

^CM 
^ CM 

o>.2 

S3 O 

XX 

CM Tp 

XX 

CM H* 
CM 

XX 

CM r*N 
CM 

XX 

CO h< 

X 

Tp 


*4-. *H 






73 

0) t- 

No. 0 
Hange 

Re H 

quired 

(see 

p 87) 

co 

05 05 

CO CO 

CO 0 

rH 

CJ d 

d a 

CO CO 

CO 

rH 

t— CM 

cm 

Tp 

Mh 

0 

h* cm 

O Tp 

co tp 

CO 

-+-> p 

C 

1 — 00 

r—i r—1 

rH rH 

rH t —1 

r-H 


o>.2 

S3 C 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

X 

^5 CM 

CM Tp 

CM Hc^ 
CM 

CM Ho* 
CM 

CM 

Tp 


Ui 

1 





73 *5 

No. c 
Hang 
Re¬ 
quire 
(see 
P 87, 

co 

0 oc 

co co 

CO O 

rH 

O d 
d Q. 

£< 

CO 

CO 

r—i CM 

CM TT 

Tp 







00 CO 

«4-l 

0 

CM O 

CO Tp 

co tp 

co 

4^ d 

® 4-5 

r-H OC 

T“H T—l 

t —1 r^ 

r- r-H 

1-H 

CO 

0.2 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

X 

o co 

“ rH 

N O 

CE^ 

CM Tp 

CM rr 

CM Hr. 
CM 

rl^Tp 

CM 

Tp 


"O 4^ 

&H 

0 d 

0 a 

ao . 

77 73 

No. of 
Hanger 
Re¬ 
quired 

(see 

P 87). 

CO O 
CO 

5 

31 

05 CM 

co 

CO CM 
r —1 CO 

34 

r —1 

< 4 - 


O 

CM O 

tp cm 

CO CM 

CO 

CO 

4 ^ a 



1—1 00 

y —' *—1 

T—* •—> 

rH 

T—1 

r —1 

*5 r<- 

a>.2 
N O 


XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

X 

X 




CM CO 

CM CO 

CM CO 

CM CO 

CO 

TT 



s- 








«h 0) 73 * 







Spaced 

Apart 

No. c 
Hang 
Re¬ 
quire 
(see 
p. 87 

co t— 

T—1 

to 00 

05 05 

co co 

T-n CM 

CO O 
CM TT 

rH 

H 1 








00 cc 

4* d 

<4- 

0 

CM O 

rr CM 

CO 

CO Tf 

CO 

c +J 

^ 00 

1 — « r—< 

f —1 

r— • 

r-H r-H 

rH 

.22i- 

o.2 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

X 


k 0 

CM r4p* 

CM HjN 

CM r-4^ 

CM 

HnH 

TP 



CM 

CM 

CM 

CM 

CM 



u 








<++ V 72 ^-1 







Spaced 

Apart 

No c 
Hang 
Re¬ 
quire 
(see 
p 87 

co r— 

to oc 

r-H 

05 05 

T—1 

co co 
^ CM 

co 0 

v-h 4f 

tP 

CO 








7) CT 

•4* 

0 

CM O 

TT CM 

CO ^ 

CO TP 

CO 

-2 p 

^ -4—5 

r^ DC 

T-T T—1 

r-r r— < 

r-H r-^ 

r— 1 r— 

1 1 

,2 m 

0.2 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

XX 

X 


S3 Q 

CM He* 

CM H<N 

CM 4^ 

CM He* 

CM TP 

CO 

“ r— 


CM 

CM 

CM 

CM 




d v 
cc 







CD 


00 



















































LUMBER TABLES 


00 

• 

o 

z 

H 

HI 

PQ 

< 

EH 

H 

03 

Hi 

o 

►“5 


43 

•4-^ 

W) 

e 

a> 


<D 

H n 
C ° 
O o 

« x 
PS 
< 

P 
a 
m 

pi 
w 

p 
CO 

Q 
£ 

P 
O 
As 

o 
o 


c 

<3 


o 

(-H 

c 


+5> 

O 

O 

CP 

T3 

-M 

C 

c 


A 

< 

O 


P 

b* 

C 

H 


^2 

43 

c3 


OQ 

* *-H 

c 


fl 

© 

> 

• 

bt) 


m 

O 

►“5 


Joists Spaced 

24 Ins. Apart, 

No. of 

Hanger 

Re¬ 

quired 

(see 

p. 87). 

to oo 

r—4 

O CM 
i—i CO 

to CO 

1—1 CO 

41 



Size of 

Joist. 

CM O 

i—1 i—1 

XX 

CM He* 
CM 

2X14 

3X12 

2X16 

3X14 

4X16 



Joists Spaced 

22 Ins. Apart. 

No. of 
Hanger 
Re- 
quired 

(see 

P 87). 

to oo 

1—1 

005 

i—i i—1 

CO 
i—i CO 

34 



Size of 
Joist. 

CM O 

i—i !—i 

XX 

CM He* 
CM 

CM 

i—i i—i 

XX 

CM 

CM 

2X16 

3X14 

3X16 



Joists Spaced 

20 Ins. Apart. 

No. of 
Hanger 
Re¬ 
quired 
(see 
p. 87). 

CO U- 
CO 

O 05 

i—i 

CO CO 
i—i CM 

^ O 

co h< 

T—1 

H 1 


Size of 
Joist. 

2X 10 
4X8 

CM 

1—1 T—1 

XX 

CM H-n 
CM 

CO Tt< 

i—i i—i 

XX 

CM Hn 
CM 

CO 

r-H i-^ 

XX 

CO ^ 

4X16 


Joists Spaced 

18 Ins. Apart. 

No of 
Hanger 
Re¬ 
quired 
(see 
p. 87). 

CO 

CO 

05 05 

r—1 

CO CO 
i—i CM 

e- o 

CM ^ 

i—i 


Size of 
Joist. 

2X 10 

4X8 

CM 

1-^ T—1 

XX 

CM .-4N 
CM 

CO T}1 
1—1 1—1 

XX 

CM He* 
CM 

CO rfi 

i—— r—i 

XX 

He*”^ 

CM 

4X16 


Joists Spaced 

16 Ins. Apart. 

No. of 
Hanger 
Re¬ 
quired 
(see 

P- 87). 

CO 

CO 

to oo 

CO 

05 05 
CO 

CO O 
CM rf 

l-H 

rr 


Size of 
Joist. 

2X10 

4X8 

2X12 

4X10 

2X 14 
4X12 

CO Tf 

r—i r—i 

XX 

He*"^ 

CM 

4X16 


Joists Spaced 

14 Ins. Apart. 

No. of 
Hanger 
Re¬ 
quired 
(see 

P 87). 

COO 

CO 

iO i—i 
CO 

05 CM 
CO 

CO CO 
r— CO 

34 

i—i 

Size of 
J oist 

2X10 

3X8 

Oixg 

ZIXZ 

2X14 

3X12 

2X16 

3X14 

3X16 

| 4X16 

Joists Spaced 

12 Ins. Apart. 

No. of 
Hanger 
Re¬ 
quired 
(see 
p. 87). 

co e- 

i—i 

to oo 

T—! 

05 05 

i—1 

CO CO 
1-1 CM 

CO O 
CM rfi 

T—1 

■Hi 

Size of 
Joist, 

o 

T-. CO 

XX 

CM Hn 
CM 

CM O 

1—1 T—1 

XX 

CM H> 
CM 

H- 1 CM 

i—* i—i 

XX 

CM He* 
CM 

CO H* 

▼—I i—i 

XX 

CM HN 
CM 

CO H* 

T—' 1—1 

XX 

He*'H' 

CM 

4X16 


a 








G O 

X 

o 

w 


CO 

CO 


c3 r © 


tM 

TH 

ri 

rn 



zn 





















































JOIST TABLE NO. 9 

Total Load =125 Pounds per Square Foot. 

Joists given in this table will not deflect more than 1/360 of their length. 


LUMBER TABLES 


97 


0) L* 

O 0} 

a a 

No of 

Hanger 

Re¬ 

quired 

(see 

P 87). 

N 

co 

CO 05 
CM CO 

00 o 

CM rr* 

T-H 

Tf« 


CO co 
+3 

CO _ 

^5 CM 


2 X 12 

3X10 

rr CM 

t—' t-H 

XX 

CM 

CO Tf 

T-H r-H 

XX 

HtNTf 

CM 

4X16 


73 ^ 

V Sm 

O cd 

CO Q. 

£< 

No of 
Hanger 
Re¬ 

quired 

(see 

p. 87). 

CO 

CM 05 
T-H CO 

P- O 
CM Tfi 

t-H 


CO <72 

.SShh 

^<M 

Size of 
Joist. 

CM o 

t-h t-h 

XX 

CM CO 

2X 14 

4X12 

CO Tt< 

T-H t-H 

XX 

CM 

4X 16 


Joists Spaced 

20 Ins. Apart. 

No of 
Hanger 
Re¬ 
quired 
(see 
p. 87). 

CO OO 

T—1 

t-h CM 
i—« CO 

CO o 
CM Tl- 

T-H 

"■t 1 


Size of 
Joist 

CM O 

XX 

CM Hc- 
CM 

T? CM 

XX 

CM CO 

co 

T—1 T-H 

XX 

CM 

4X16 


Joists Spaced 

18 Ins Apart. 

No of 
Hanger 
Re¬ 
quired 
(see 
p. 87). 

io co 

O CM 
r-i CO 

io CO 

r-H CO 

t-H 


Size of 
Joist. 

01 XU 
ZIXZ 

2X14 

3X12 

2X 16 
3X14 

4X16 


Joists Spaced 

16 Ins. Apart. 

No of 
Hanger 
Re¬ 
quired 
(see 
p. 87). 

co p- 
co 

05 cc 
CO 

CO 05 
CM CO 

rr o 
co ^ 


Size of 
Joist. 

2X10 

4X8 

O 

I—I t-H 

XX 

CM 

rf CM 

XX 

Oj 

CO rt« 

T - ' t-H 

XX 

CO 

co 

X 

rr 

Joists Spaced 

14 Ins. Apart. 

No of 
Hanger 
Re¬ 
quired 
(see 
p. 87). 

CO P~ 

CO 

oo 

co 

CO 05 
CM CO 

co o 

05 rt< 

t-H 

Size of 
Joist. 

2X10 

4X8 

CM o 

XX 

cm h* 

Tt« CM 

T-H T-H 

XX 

CM 

CO ^ 

^h 

XX 

CM 

4X 16 

Joists Spaced 

12 Ins Apart. 

No of 
Hanger 
Re¬ 
quired 
(see 

P 87). 

CO O 

CO 

iC t—■< 

CO 

05 CM 

CO 

CO CO 

T-H CO 

Tt* 

CO 

Size of 
Joist. 

2X10 

3X8 

2X 12 
3X 10 

2X14 

3X12 

2X16 
3X 14 

co 

T-H 

x- 

co 


c 

GC 

C 

c* 


CD 




•H 

tH 

rH 

ri 













































98 


LUMBER TABLES 


o 

£ 

w 

ffl 

H 

H 

CO 

HH 

o 


Total Load = 150 Pounds per Square Foot. 

Joists given in this table will not deflect more than 1/360 of their length. 

Joists Spaced 

24 Ins. Apart. 

No. of 

Hanger 

Re¬ 

quired 

(see 

P- 87). 

O GO 
CM CO 

33 

35 



Size of 

Joist. 

CM O 

T—1 T—1 

XX 

CM 

3X14 

3X16 



Joists Spaced 

22 Ins. Apart. 

No. of 
Hanger 

Re¬ 

quired 

(see 

p. 87). 

00 CO 

CO 

05 
CM CO 

to o 
co 



Size of 
Joist 

2X12 

4X10 

CM 

T-H rH 

XX 

CM 

CO ^ 

T-H T-H 

XX 

CO TT 



Joists Spaced 

20 Ins Apart 

No. of 
Hanger 
Re¬ 
quired 
(see 
p. 87). 

t>» t-H 

CO 

CO 05 
CM CO 

00 o 

CM ^ 

rt< 


Size of 
Joist. 

2X12 

3X10 

^ CM 

T-H T-H 

XX 

CM 

CO Tt< 

T-H t-H 

XX 

Hm^ 

CM 

4X16 


Joists Spaced 

18 Ins. Apart 

No. of 
Hanger 
Re¬ 
quired 
(see 

P^ 87)- 

6 

31 

CM 05 
T-H CO 

U- O 
CM 

t-H 


Size of 
Joist 

2X12 

3X10 

2X14 
4X 12 

CO ^ 

T-H T-H 

XX 

HmtJt 

CM 

4X16 


Joists Spaced 

16 Ins Apart. 

No. of 
Hanger 
Re¬ 
quired 
(see 
p. 87). 

to 00 

r—i 

O CM 

T-H CO 

to co 

T-H CO 

t-H 


Size of 
Joist. 

CM O 

T-H t—1 

XX 

CM Hn 
CM 

2X14 

3X12 

2X16 

3X14 

4X16 


Joists Spaced 

14 ins Apart. 

No. of 
Hanger 
Re¬ 
quired 
(see 
p, 87). 

to oo 

H 

Oj 05 

T— 1 

Tf CO 
t-h CO 

34 


Size of 
Joist. 

CM O 

T-H T-H 

XX 

CM Hw 
CM 

^ CM 

t-h rH 

XX 

CM r-*N 
CM 

2X16 

3X14 

3X16 


Joists Spaced 

12 Ins. Apart 

No. of 
Hanger 
Re¬ 
quired 
(see 
p. 87). 

CO L- 
CO 

05 CO 

T-H CO 

CO 05 
CM CO 

CO o 

CM rf 


Size of 
Joi^t. 

2X10 

4X8 

CM O 

T-H T-H 

XX 

•-4m 

CM 

T* CM 

T-H T-H 

XX 

CM 

CO Tf 

T-H T-H 

XX 

*-4m ^ 
CM 

4X16 




a 









c <v 

GO 

o 

0* 

r* 

CO 






T-( 

rH 

rH 

iH 




afn 
















« r 

















































LUMBER TABLES 


6 

& 

w 

cc 

< 

H 

H 

TJl 

>—H 

o 

f "0 


• 

C 

c 

H 

PS 

«! 

G 

a 

co 

Ph 

w 

p- 

cc 

Q 

fc 

G 

O 


*g 

- 4-3 

bf 

G 

0) 


•—‘ 
a> 
-G 

+3 

«4-» 

O 

o 

co 

CO 

\ 


G 

c3 

A 

43 

<V 

tn 

o 

s 

•4-^ 

o 

0) 

G2 

T3 


o 

o 

CM 


43 

o 

G 


II 

Q 

O 

iJ 

G 

◄ 

O 

H 


£ 

Jg 

3 

G 

-*3 

m 

• H 

X3 

4^ 


G 

G 

a) 

> 
• ^ 

to 


DO 

4-3 

CO 

• i—i 

O 


Joists Spaced 

24 Ins. Apart. 

No. of 

Hanger 

Re¬ 

quired 

(see 

p. 87). 

to to O CO 

CM CO ''f 

Size of 

Joist. 

^ CT|1 CD 

i— < r-H t-H t-H 

X XX X 

r** CO 4*4 

CM 

Joists Spaced 

22 Ins. Apart. 

No. of 
Hanger 

Re¬ 

quired 

(see 

p. 87). 

CM O CM 

CM CO ^ ^ 

Size of 
Joist. 

CM CD ^ CO 

T—1 1—4 1—4 1—1 

X XX X 

CO Tf 

CM 

Joists Spaced 

20 Ins. Apart. 

No, of 
Hanger 
Re¬ 
quired 
(see 
p. 87). 

t-h 00 ' CO t-h 

CM CO ] CO Tf 

Size of 
Joist. 

CM O ! ^ CO 

1—H 1-H T-H 1“H 

XX : X X 

HNTf ‘ CO Tt< 

CM ' 

Joists Spaced 

18 Ins. Apart. 

No. of 
Hanger 
Re¬ 
quired 
(see 
p. 87). 

CM 00 GO CO to 
r-H CO CM CO CO 

Size of 
Joist. 

2X14 

4X10 

2*X16 

3X14 

3X16 

Joists Spaced 

16 Ins. Apart. 

No. of 
Hanger 
Re¬ 
quired 
(see 
p. 87). 

GO GO ^ C3 tO O 

CO CM CO CO 

Size of 
Joist. 

2X12 

4X10 

2*X14 

4X12 

3X16 

4X14 

Joists Spaced 

14 Ins. Apart. 

No. of 
Hanger 
Re¬ 
quired 
(see 
p. 87). 

t-h cm o ooo t-+ 

CO T-H CO CM ^ 

Size of 
Joist. 

2X12 

3X10 

2X14 

4X12 

2^X16 

4X14 

4X16 

Joists Spaced 

12 Ins. Apart. 

No. of 
Hanger 
Re¬ 
quired 
(see 
p. 87). 

lO 00 O CM tOCO t-H 

1—1 T-H CO T-H CO ^ 

\ 

Size of 
Joist. 

2X 12 ! 

2*X10 

2X14 

3X12 

2X16 

3X14 

4X16 


c 


i 

4-3 

G 

oo O N H 


c 5 o 

i-i rH rH 


G.PH 



Ul 



l or c. 


















































100 


LUMBER TABLES, 


SAFE LOADS UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED FOR RECTANGULAR 
SPRUCE OR WHITE-PINE BEAMS ONE INCH THICK. 

The following table has been calculated for extreme fibre stresses of 750 
pounds per square inch corresponding to the following values for moduli 
of rupture recommended by Prof. Lanza, viz.: 


Spruce and white pine. 3000 lbs. 

Oak. 4000 “ 

Yellow pine. 5000 


For oak increase values in table by L For yellow pine increase values in 
table by f. 

The safe load for any other values per square inch is found by increasing 
or decreasing the loads given in the table in the same proportion as the 
increased or decreased fibre stress. 


Depth of Beam. 


Span 


in 

Feet. 

6 

Ins. 

7 

Ins. 

8 

Ins. 

9 

Ins. 

10 

Ins. 

5 

600 

820 

1070 

1350 

1670 

6 

500 

680 

890 

1120 

1390 

7 

430 

580 

760 

960 

1190 

8 

380 

510 

670 

840 

1040 

9 

330 

460 

590 

750 

930 

10 

300 

410 

530 

670 

830 

11 

270 

370 

490 

610 

760 

12 

250 

340 

440 

560 

690 

13 

230 

310 

410 

520 

640 

14 

210 

290 

380 

480 

590 

15 

200 

270 

360 

450 

560 

16 

190 

260 

330 

420 

520 

17 

180 

240 

310 

400 

490 

18 

170 

230 

290 

370 

460 

19 

160 

210 

280 

360 

440 

20 

150 

200 

270 

340 

420 

21 

140 

190 

260 

320 

390 

22 

140 

190 

240 

310 

380 

23 

130 

180 

230 

290 

360 

24 

130 

170 

220 

280 

350 

25 

120 

160 

210 

270 

330 

26 

110 

160 

210 

260 

320 

27 

110 

150 

200 

250 

310 

28 

110 

140 

190 

240 

300 

29 

110 

140 

180 

230 

290 


11 

Ins. 

12 

Ins. 

13 

Ins. 

14 

Ins. 

15 

Ins. 

16 

Ins. 

2020 

2400 

2820 

3270 

3750 

4270 

1680 

2000 

2350 

2730 

3120 

3560 

1440 

1710 

2010 

2330 

2680 

3050 

1260 

1500 

1760 

2040 

2340 

2670 

1120 

1330 

1560 

1810 

2080 

2370 

1010 

1200 

1410 

1630 

1880 

2130 

920 

1090 

1280 

1490 

1710 

1940 

840 

1000 

1180 

1360 

1560 

1780 

780 

930 

1080 

1260 

1440 

1640 

720 

860 

1010 

1170 

1340 

1530 

670 

800 

940 

1090 

1250 

1420 

630 

750 

880 

1020 

1180 

1330 

590 

710 

830 

960 

1100 

1260 

560 

670 

780 

910 

1040 

1190 

530 

630 

740 

860 

990 

1130 

510 

600 

710 

820 

940 

1070 

480 

570 

670 

780 

890 

1020 

460 

540 

640 

7^0 

850 

970 

440 

520 

610 

710 

810 

920 

420 

500 

590 

680 

780 

890 

410 

480 

560 

660 

750 

860 

390 

460 

540 

630 

720 

820 

370 

440 

520 

610 

690 

790 

360 

430 

500 

580 

670 

760 

350 

410 

490 

560 

640 

740 


To obtain the safe load for any thickness multiply values for 1 inch bv 
thickness of beam. 

To obtain the required thickness for any load divide by safe load for 
1 inch. 



























LUMBER TABLES. 


101 


SAFE LOADS IN TONS OF 2000 POUNDS FOR SQUARE WOODEN 

PILLARS. 


Unsup¬ 
ported 
Length 
of Col- 



Size o£ Pillar in 

Inches. 



umn in 





r 



Feet. 

6X6 

8X8 

9X9 

10X10 

12X12 

14X14 

16X16 




White 

Pine or 

Spruce. 



6 

12.80 







8 

11.70 

22.7 

29.6 





10 

10.60 

21.3 

28.0 

35.5 




12 

9.54 

19.8 

26.3 

33.7 

5i.i 



14 

8.46 

18.4 

24.7 

31.9 

49.0 

69.6 


16 

7.38 

17.0 

23.1 

30.1 

46.8 

67.0 

91.6 

18 


15.5 

21.5 

2S.3 

44.7 

64.5 

88.0 

20 


14.1 

19.8 

26.5 

42.5 

62.0 

85.2 

22 



18.2 

24.7 

40.3 

59.5 

82.3 

24 



.... 

22.9 

38.2 

57.0 

79.4 




White Oak. 

5 


6 

14.80 







8 

13.50 

26.2 

34.0 





10 

12.20 

24.6 

32.4 

41.0 




12 

11.00 

22.7 

30.4 

39.1 

59.1 



14 

9.73 

21.1 

28.4 

36.7 

56.9 

80.4 


16 

8.64 

19.5 

26.5 

34.6 

54.0 

77.8 

i05.0 

18 


17.8 

24.7 

32.4 

51.1 

74.5 

102.0 

20 


16.3 

22.7 

30.5 

49.1 

71.3 

98.5 

22 



21.1 

28.2 

46.1 

68.3 

94.7 

24 

.... 

.... 

.... 

26.4 

43.9 

65.5 

90.9 




Yeelow 

Pine (Southern). 



6 

18.0 





✓ 


8 

16.4 

32.6 

4i. 6 



.... 

.... 

10 

14.9 

29.9 

39.4 

50.0 


.... 


12 

13.3 

27.8 

36.9 

47.6 

72.0 



14 

11.9 

25.8 

34.7 

44.7 

69.1 

98.6 

i32.0 

16 

10.4 

23.7 

32.3 

42.3 

65.5 

94.6 

128.0 

18 


21.8 

30.0 

39.5 

62.6 

90.7 

124.0 

20 


19.8 

27.8 

37.0 

59.8 

86.9 

120.0 

22 



25.7 

34.6 

56.2 

83.6 

115.0 

24 

.... 

.... 


32.2 

53.3 

80.0 

111.0 


















































102 


LUMBER TABLES. 


SAFE LOADS FOR RECTANGULAR WOODEN PILLARS 
(SEASONED). 

1 = length of pillar in inches; 

d== width of smallest side in inches. 


Yellow Pine (Southern). 

White Oak. 

White Pine and Spruce- 

1125 

925 

800 

1 2 

l 2 

l 2 

1 1 llOOd 2 

1 1 llOOd 2 

1 llOOd 2 


These formulae give safe loads of one-fourth the ultimate strength for 
short pillars, decreasing to one-fifth the ultimate for long pillars. 


Ratio of Length 
to Least Side 
l 

d' 

Safe Loads in 

Pounds per Square Inch of Section. 

Yellow Pine 
(Southern). 

White Oak. 

White Pine and 
Spruce. 

12 

995 

818 

707 

14 

955 

785 

679 

16 

913 

750 

649 

18 

869 

715 

618 

20 

825 

678 

587 

22 

781 

642 

556 

24 

738 

607 

525 

26 

697 

575 

495 

28 

657 

541 

467 

30 

619 

509 

440 

32 

583 

479 

414 

34 

549 

451 

390 

36 

516 

425 

367 

38 

487 

400 

346 

40 

458 

377 

326 


SHRINKAGE OF TIMBER. 


Cedar. 

Elm.. 

Oak. 

Pine (white). 

Pine (yellow). 

Pine (yellow long-leaf) 
Redwood (California).. 
Spruce. 


12 to 11.40 inches 

12 to 11.70 

< ( 

12 to 11.75 

( ( 

12 to 11.80 

( C 

12 to 11.90 

( c 

12 to 11.95 

C i 

12 to 11.95 

( ( 

12 to 11.85 

c c 




























CAST IRON 


103 


ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF HOLLOW ROUND AND HOLLOW 
RECTANGULAR CAST-IRON COLUMNS. 


Ultimate strength in pounds per square inch: 


Round Columns. Rectangular Columns. 


Square 

Bearing. 

80000 

Pin and 
Square. 
80000 

Pin 

Bearing. 

80000 

Square 

Bearing. 

80000 

Pin and 
Square. 
80000 

Pin 

Bearing. 

800C0 

1+ (120 2 

800d 2 

. 3(127)2 

+ 1600<2 2 

02/)2 

400d 2 

, 3(12/) 2 

3200d 2 

. 9(12Z) 2 

6400<Z 2 

, 3(12Z) 2 

1600cZ 2 


Z = length of column in feet; 

eZ = external diameter or least side of rectangle in inches. 



Round Columns. 

Rectangular Columns. 


Ultimate Strength in Pounds 

Ultimate Strength in Pounds 

Z 

per Square Inch. 

per Square Inch. 

d 

Square 

Pin and 

Pin 

Square 

Pin and 

Pin 


Bearing. 

Square. 

Bearing. 

Bearing. 

Square. 

Bearing. 

1.0 

67800 

62990 

58820 

70480 

66520 

62990 

1.1 

65690 

60300 

55730 

68790 

64260 

60300 

1.2 

63530 

57600 

52690 

67000 

61940 

57600 

1 .3 

61340 

54930 

49740 

65140 

59600 

54960 

1.4 

59140 

52310 

46900 

63260 

57270 

52320 

1.5 

56940 

49770 

44200 

61350 

54960 

49760 

1.6 

54760 

47300 

41630 

59450 

52680 

47300 

1.7 

52620 

44940 

39210 

57550 

50460 

44960 

1.8 

50530 

42670 

36930 

55670 

48300 

42670 

1.9 

48490 

40510 

34790 

53800 

46230 

40510 

2.0 

46510 

38460 

32790 

51940 

44200 

38460 

2.1 

44600 

36520 

30920 

50160 

42260 

36520 

2.2 

42750 

34680 

29180 

48400 

40400 

34680 

2.3 

40980 

32940 

27540 

46670 

38630 

32950 

2.4 

39280 

31310 

26030 

44990 

36930 

31310 

2.5 

37650 

29770 

24620 

43390 

35310 

29760 

2.6 

36090 

28320 

23300 

41820 

33770 

2S320 

2.7 

34600 

26950 

22070 

40320 

32310 

26950 

2.8 

33180 

25670 

20930 

38870 

30920 

25670 

2.9 

31820 

24460 

19860 

37470 

29600 

24460 

3.0 

30530 

23320 

18870 

36120 

28340 

23320 

3 1 

29310 

22250 

17940 

34830 

27150 

22250 

3 2 

23140 

21250 

17070 

33580 

26030 

21250 

3.3 

27030 

20300 

16260 

32390 

24960 

20300 

3.4 

25970 

19410 

15500 

31240 

23940 

19410 































104 


CAST IRON. 


SAFE LOADS IN TONS OF 2000 LBS. FOR HOLLOW ROUND 
CAST-IRON COLUMNS. 


Outside Diam¬ 
eter, Inches. 

Thickness of 
Metal. 

Length of Columns in Feet. 

| Sectional Area, 
Inches. 

Weight, Lbs. 
of Col. per 

Ft. of L’gth. 

8 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

Tons 

Tons 

Tons 

Tons 

Tons 

Tons 

Tons 

Tons 

Tons 

6 


26.2 

23.0 

20.1 

17.5 

15.2 

13.2 

11.5 



8.6 

26.95 

6 

£ 

37.5 

33.0 

28.8 

25.0 

21.7 

18.9 

16.5 



12.4 

38.59 

6 

t 

42.7 

37.6 

32.8 

28.5 

24.7 

21.5 

18.8 



14.1 

43.96 

6 

1 

47.6 

41.9 

36.5 

31.8 

27.6 

24.0 

21.0 



15.7 

49.01 

6 

1 £ 

52.2 

46.0 

40.1 

34.8 

30.2 

26.3 

23.0 



17.2 

53.76 

7 

i 

47.7 

43.1 

38.5 

34.3 

30.4 

26.9 

23.9 

21.2 

18.9 

14.7 

45.96 

7 

l 

61.1 

55.2 

49.3 

43.8 

38.9 

34.4 

30.6 

27.1 

24.2 

18.9 

58.90 

7 

n 

67.2 

60.8 

54.3 

48.3 

42.8 

37.9 

33.7 

29.9 

26.7 

20.8 

64.77 

8 

i 

57.9 

53.3 

48.6 

44.1 

39.7 

35.8 

32.2 

28.9 

26.1 

17.1 

53.29 

8 

i 

74.6 

68.7 

62.5 

56.7 

51.1 

46.0 

41.4 

37.3 

33.6 

22.0 

68.64 

8 

u 

89.9 

82.8 

75.5 

68.4 

61.7 

55.5 

49.9 

44.9 

40.5 

26.5 

82.71 

9 

i 

68.1 

63.6 

58.9 

54.2 

49.6 

45.2 

41.2 

37.5 

34.1 

19.4 

60.65 

9 

i 

88.0 

82.3 

76.2 

70.0 

64.1 

58.4 

53.2 

48.4 

44.1 

25.1 

78.40 

9 

H 

106.6 

99.6 

92.2 

84.8 

77.6 

70.8 

64.4 

58.7 

53.4 

30.4 

94.94 

9 

H 

123.8 

115.7 

107.1 

98.5 

90.1 

82.2 

74.8 

68.1 

62.0 

35.3 

110.26 

9 

H 

139.6 

130.5 

120.8 

111.1 

101.6 

92.7 

84.4 

76.8 

69.9 

39.9 

124.36 

10 

l 

101.4 

95.9 

89.8 

83.6 

77.4 

71.5 

65.8 

60.5 

55.5 

28.3 

88.23 

10 

H 

123.3 

116.5 

109.1 

101.6 

94.1 

86.8 

79.9 

73.4 

67.5 

34.4 107.23 

10 

H 

143.7 

135.8 

127.3 

118.5 

109.7 

101.2 

93.2 

85.6 

78.7 

40.1 124.99 

10 

l* 

162.7 

153.8 

144.1 

134.1 

124.2 

114.6 

105.5 

97.0 

89.1 

45.4 

141.65 

11 

1 

114.8 

109.4 

103.5 

97.3 

91.0 

84.8 

80.2 

73.1 

67.7 

31.4 

98.03 

11 

n 

139.9 

133.3 

126.1 

118.6 

110.9 

103.3 

97.8 

89.4 

82.5 

‘38.3 

119.46 

11 

H 

163.5 

155.9 

147.5 

138.6 

128.7 

120.8 

114.3 

104.1 

96.4 

44.8 

139.68 

11 

i* 

185.7 

177.1 

167.5 

157.5 

147.3 

137.2 

129.8 

118.3 

109.5 

50.9 

158.68 

11 

2 

206.6 

196.9 

186.3 

175.1 

163.8 

152.6 

144.4 

131.5 

121.8 

56.6 

176.44 

12 

1 

128.0 

122.9 

117.2 

111.0 

104.7 

98.4 

92.2 

86.1 

80.4 

34.6 

107.51 

12 

H 

156.4 

150.1 

143.1 

135.7 

127.9 

120.2 

112.6 

105.2 

98.2 

42.2 

131.41 

12 

H 

183.3 

175.9 

167.7 

159.0 

149.9 

140.9 

132.0 

123.3 

115.1 

49.5 

154.10 

12 

H 

208.7 

200.4 

191.0 

181.1 

170.7 

160.4 

150.3 

140.5 

131.1 

56.4 

175.53 

12 

2 

232.7 

223.4 

213.0 

201.9 

190.4 

178.9 

167.6 

156.6 

146.1 

62.8 

195.75 

13 

1 

141.2 

136.3 

130.7 

124.7 

118.5 

112.1 

105.8 

99.5 

93.5 

37.7 

117.53 

13 


172.8 

166.8 

160.0 

152.7 

145.0 

137.2 

129.4 

121.8 

114.4 

46.1 

143.86 

13 

H 

203.0 

195.9 

187.9 

179.3 

170.3 

161.1 

152.0 

143.1 

134.3 

54.2 

168.98 

13 

if 

231.6 

223.6 

214.5 

204.7 

194.4 

183.9 

173.5 

163.3 

153.3 

61.9 

192.88 

13 

2 

258.9 

249.9 

239.7 

228.7 

217.3 

205.5 

193.9 

182.5 

171.3 

69.1 

215.56 

14 

1 

154.3 

149.6 

144.3 

138.5 

132.3 

125.9 

119.5 

113.1 

106.8 

40.8 

127.60 

14 

n 

189.2 

183.4 

176.9 

169.7 

162.2 

154.4 

146.5 

138.6 

131.0 

50.1 

156.31 

14 

H 

222.6 

215.8 

208.1 

199.7 

190.8 

181.7 

172.3 

163.1 

154.1 

58.9 

183.67 

14 

if 

254.4 

246.7 

237.9 

228.3 

218.1 

207.6 

197.0 

186.5 

176.2 

67.4 

210.00 

14 

2 

284.8 

276.2 

266.4 

255.6 

244.2 

232.4 

220.6 

208.8 

197.2 

75.4j235.12 

15 

1 

167.4 

162.9 

157.8 

152.1 

146.0 

139.7 

133.3 

126.8 

120.4 

44.0 137.28 

15 

if 

205.5 

200.0 

193.7 

186.7 

179.3 

171.5 

163.6 

155.7 

147.9 

54.0 

168.48 

15 

it- 

242.1 

235.7 

228.2 

220.0 

211.2 

202.1 

192.8 

183.5 

174.2 

63.6 

198.74 

15 

n 

277.2 

269.8 

261.3 

251.9 

241.9 

231.4 

220.7 

210.1 

199.5 

72.9 

227.45 

15 

2 

310.8 

302.5 

293.0 

282.5 

271.2 

259.5 

247.5 

235.51 

223.6 81.7 

254.90 


If all cast-iron or other hollow columns are filled with concrete after 
being set it adds to their strength and affords protection from rust and 
fire. 

































IRON AND STEEL CONSTRUCTION. 


105 


SAFE LOADS UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED FOR STANDARD AND 

SPECIAL I BEAMS. 

In Tons of 2000 Lbs. 



24 

" I. 

-4-5 

1 A 


20 

' I. 


-4-5 

-C 

18 

" I. 

■G 

x| 



15 

" I. 



-G 

X3 

-G 
r< 0? 



Lq.s 







axa 3 





4 M 

§ ® 



Ip ® 





P,® 



p,® 







p® 

C 



>£ 








>£ 







tS 

> a 

-G.JS 



G 

Q) G 





G 

cD G 



G . 

0) G 







Id d 

o 



>•- 








K* * ^ 

W y 







>'* 
a & 

§ o 

80 

G Cj 

80 

65 


55 

Sh & 

80 

60 

42 

G 

g g 
g 2* 

Lbs. 

o £ 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

. ° £ 
O 

Lbs. 

O £ 
O 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

o p 

Gh G 
~ § 

.SOQ 



“O G 
"C*-h 





T3H 



-O-H 







r-H 

P 



<5 





<5 



< 







C 

12 

77 

.33 

.53 

65 

.18 

51 

.93 

.44 

39 

.29 

.39 

47 

.14 

36 

.09 

26 

.18 

.33 

13 

71 

.38 

.48 

60 

.16 

47 

.93 

.40 

36 

27 

.36 

43 

.51 

33 

.31 

24 

.17 

.30 

14 

66 

.28 

.45 

55 

87 

44 

.58 

.37 

33 

63 

.34 

40 

40 

30 

93 

22 

.44 

.28 

15 

61 

.86 

.42 

52 

14 

41 

59 

.35 

31 

43 

.31 

37 

.71 

28 

87 

20 

.94 

.26 

16 

53 

00 

.39 

48 

88 

33 

99 

,33 

29 

47 

.29 

35 

35 

27 

07 

19 

63 

.24 

17 

54 

5S 

.37 

46 

01 

36 

69 

.31 

27 

74 

.28 

33 

27 

25 

47 

18 

48 

.23 

18 

51 

56 

.35 

43 

45 

34 

66 

.29 

26 

19 

.26 

31 

42 

24 

06 

17 

45 

.22 

19 

48 

84 

.33 

41 

17 

32 

83 

.23 

24 

82 

.25 

29 

77 

22 

79 

16 

53 

.21 

20 

46 

40 

.32 

39 

11 

31 

19 

.26 

23 

53 

.24 

28 

28 

21 

65 

15 

71 

.20 

21 

44 

19 

.30 

37 

24 

29 

70 

.25 

22 

45 

.22 

26 

94 

20 

62 

14 

96 

.19 

22 

42 

18 

.29 

35 

55 

28 

35 

.24 

21 

43 

.21 

25 

71 

19. 

68 

14 

28 

.18 

23 

40 

35 

.27 

34 

01 

27 

12 

.23 

20 

50 

.20 

24 

59 

18. 

83 

13 

66 

.17 

24 

38 

67 

.26 

32 

59 

25 

99 

.22 

19 

65 

.20 

23 

57 

18 

04 

03 

19 

.16 

25 

37 

12 

.25 

31 

29 

24 

95 

.21 

18. 

86 

.19 

22 

63 

17 

32 

12 

57 

.16 

26 

35 

69 

.24 

30 

03 

23 

99 

.20 

18 

14 

.18 

21 

76 

16. 

66 

12 

0a 

.15 

27 

34 

37 

.23 

23 

97 

23 

10 

.19 

17 

40 

.17 

20 

95 

16. 

04 

11 

64 

.14 

28 

33 

14 

.23 

27 

93 

22 

23 

.19 

16 

84 

.17 

20 

20 

15. 

47 

11 

22 

.14 

29 

32 

00 

.22 

26 

97 

21 

51 

.18 

16 

26 

.16 

19 

51 

14 

93 

10 

83 

.13 

30 

30 

93 

.21 

26 

07 

20 

79 

.17 

15 

7? 

.16 

18 

86 

14 

43 

10 

47 

.13 

31 

29 

94 

.20 

25 

23 

20 

12 

.17 

15 

21 

.15 

18 

25 

13. 

97 

10 

13 

.13 

32 

29 

00 

.20 

24 

44 

19 

49 

.16 

14 

73 

.15 

17 

68 

13 

53 

9 

82 

.12 

33 

28 

12 

.19 

23 

70 

18 

90 

.16 

14 

29 

.14 

17 

14 

13 

12 

9 

52 

.12 

34 

27 

29 

.19 

23 

00 

18 

35 

.15 

13 

87 

.14 

16 

64 

12 

74 

9 

24 

.11 

35 

26 

51 

.18 

22 

35 

17 

82 

.15 

13 

47 

.13 

16 

16 

12 

37 

8 

98 

.11 

36 

25. 

73 

.18 

21 

73 

17 

33 

.15 

13 

1C 

.13 

15 

71 

12 

03 

8 

73 

.11 


Safe loads given include weight of beam. Maximum LLrc stress, 10,000 


lbs. per square inch. 










































106 


IRON AND STEEL CONSTRUCTION. 


SAFE LOADS UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED FOR STANDARD AND 
SPECIAL I BEAMS. 

In Tons of 2000 Lbs. 


! Distance between 

Supports in Feet. 

12" I. 

Add for Every Lb. 
Increase in Weight. 

10" I. 

Add for Every Lb. 
Increase in Weight. 

9" I. 

Add for Every Lb. 

Increase in Weight. 

Distance between 

Supports in Feet. 

8" I. 

Add for Every Lb. 

Increase in Weight. 

40 

Lbs. 

31.5 

Lbs. 

25 

Lbs. 

21 

Lbs. 

18 

Lbs. 

12 

19.92 

15.99 

.26 

10.85 

.22 

8.39 

.20 

5 

15.17 

.42 

13 

18.39 

14.76 

.24 

10.02 

.20 

7.74 

.18 

6 

12.64 

.35 

14 

17.08 

13.70 

.23 

9.30 

.19 

7.19 

.17 

7 

10.84 

.30 

15 

15.94 

12.79 

.21 

8.68 

.17 

6.71 

.16 

8 

9.48 

.26 

16 

14.94 

11.99 

.20 

8.14 

.16 

6.29 

.15 

9 

8.43 

.23 

17 

14.06 

11.29 

.19 

7.66 

.15 

5.92 

.14 

10 

7.59 

.21 

18 

13.28 

10.66 

.18 

7.24 

.14 

5.59 

.13 

11 

6.90 

.19 

19 

12.58 

10.10 

.17 

6.86 

.14 

5.30 

.12 

12 

6.32 

.18 

20 

11.95 

9.59 

.16 

6.51 

.13 

5.03 

.12 

13 

5.83 

.16 

21 

11 . 3 E 

9.14 

.15 

6.20 

.12 

4.79 

.11 

14 

5.42 

.15 

22 

10.87 

8.72 

.14 

5.92 

.12 

4.58 

.11 

15 

5.06 

.14 

23 

10.39 

8.34 

.14 

5.66 

.11 

4.38 

.10 

16 

4.74 

.13 

24 

9.96 

7.99 

.13 

5.43 

.11 

4.19 

.10 

17 

4.46 

.12 

25 

9.56 

7.67 

.13 

5.21 

.10 

4.03 

.09 

18 

4.21 

.12 

26 

9.19 

7.38 

.12 

5.01 

.10 

3.87 

.09 

19 

3.99 

.11 

27 

8.85 

7.11 

.12 

4.82 

.10 

3.73 

.09 

20 

3.79 

.11 

28 

8.54 

6.85 

.11 

4.65 

.09 

3.59 

.08 

21 

3.61 

.10 

29 

8.24 

6.62 

.11 

4.49 

.09 

3.47 

.08 




30 

7.97 

6.40 

.11 

4.34 

.09 

3.36 

.08 



. . . . 


Safe loads given include weight of beam. Maximum fibre stress, 16,000 
lbs. per square inch . 





























IRON AND STEEL CONSTRUCTION. 


107 


SAFE LOADS UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED FOR STANDARD AND 
SPECIAL I BEAMS. 

In Tons of 2000 Lbs. 


Distance between 
Supports in Feet. 

7" I. 

Add for Every Lb. 
Increase in Weight. 

6 " I. 

Add for Every Lb. 
j Increase in Weight. 

5" I. 

Add for Every Lb. 
Increase in Weight. 

4" I. 

Add for Every Lb. 

Increase in Weight. 

3" I. 

Add for Every Lb. 

Increase in Weight. 

15 

lbs. 

12.25 

lbs. 

9.75 

lbs. 

7.5 

lbs. 

5.5 

lbs. 

5 

11.04 

j.36 

7.75 

.31 

5.16 

.26 

3.18 

.21 

1.76 

.16 

6 

9.20 

.30 

6.46 

.26 

4.30 

.22 

2.65 

.18 

1.47 

.13 

7 

7.89 

.26 

5.54 

.22 

3.69 

.19 

2.27 

.15 

1.26 

.11 

8 

6.90 

.23 

4.84 

.19 

3.23 

.16 

1.99 

.13 

1.10 

.10 

9 

6.13 

.20 

4.31 

.17 

2.87 

.14 

1.77 

.12 

0.98 

.09 

10 

5.52 

.18 

3.88 

.16 

2.58 

.13 

1.59 

.11 

0.88 

.08 

11 

5.02 

.16 

3.52 

.14 

2.35 

.12 

1.45 

.10 

0.80 

.07 

12 

4.60 

.15 

3.23 

.13 

2.15 

.11 

1.33 

.09 

0.73 

.07 

13 

4.25 

.14 

2.98 

.12 

1.98 

.10 

1.22 

.08 

0.68 

.06 

14 

3.94 

.13 

2.77 

.11 

1.84 

.09 

1.14 

.08 

0.63 

.06 

15 

3.68 

.12 

2.58 

.10 

1.72 

.09 

1.06 

.07 

0.59 

.05 

16 

3.45 

.11 

2.42 

.10 

1.61 

.08 

0.99 

.07 

0.55 

.05 

17 

3.25 

.11 

2.28 

.09 

1.52 

.08 

0.94 

.06 

0.52 

.05 

18 

3.07 

.10 

2.15 

.09 

1.43 

.07 

0.88 

.06 

0.49 

.04 

19 

2.91 

.09 

2.04 

.08 

1.36 

.07 

0.84 

.06 

0.46 

.04 

20 

2.76 

.09 

1.941 

.08 

1.29 

.07 

0.80 

.05 

0.44 

.04 

21 

2.63 

.09 

1.85 

.07 

1.23 

.06 

0.76 

.05 

0.42 

.04 


Safe loads given include weight of beam. Maximum fibre stress, 16,000 
lbs. per square inch. 






































108 


IRON AND STEEL CONSTRUCTION. 


SAFE LOADS UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED FOR STANDARD AND 
SPECIAL CHANNELS. 

In Tons of 2000 Lbs. 


Distance between 
Supports in Feet. 

15" C 

Add for Every Lb. 
Increase in Weight. 

12 " C 

Add for Every Lb. 
Increase in Weight. 

io " c : 

j Add for Every Lb. 

Increase in Weight. 

9" G ~ 

Add for Every Lb. 

Increase in Weight. 

33 

lbs. 

20.5 

lbs. 

15 

lbs. 

13.25 

lbs. 

10 

22.23 

.39 

11.39 

.32 

7.14 

.26 

5.61 

.24 

11 

20.20 

.35 

10.35 

.29 

6.49 

.24 

5.10 

.21 

12 

18.52 

.33 

9.49 

.26 

5.95 

.22 

4.68 

.20 

13 

17.10 

.30 

8.76 

.24 

5.49 

.20 

4.32 

.18 

14 

15.87 

.28 

8.14 

.23 

5.10 

.19 

4.01 

.17 

15 

14.82 

.26 

7.59 

.21 

4.76 

.17 

3.74 

.16 

16 

13.89 

.24 

7.12 

.20 

4.46 

.16 

3.51 

.15 

17 

13.07 

.23 

6.70 

.18 

4.20 

.15 

3.30 

.14 

18 

12.35 

.22 

6.33 

.18 

3.96 

.14 

3.12 

.13 

19 

11.70 

.21 

5.99 

.17 

3.76 

.14 

2.95 

.12 

20 

11 .11 

.20 

5.70 

.16 

3.57 

.13 

2.81 

.12 

21 

10.58 

.19 

5.42 

.15 

3.40 

.12 

2.67 

.11 

22 

10.10 

.18 

5.18 

.14 

3.24 

.12 

2.55 

.11 

23 

9.66 

.17 

4.95 

.14 

3.10 

.11 

2.44 

.10 

24 

9.26 

.16 

4.75 

.13 

2.97 

.11 

2.34 

.10 

25 

8.89 

.16 

4.56 

.13 

2.85 

.10 

2.24 

.09 

26 

8.55 

.15 

4.38 

.12 

2.74 

.10 

2.16 

.09 

27 

8.23 

.14 

4.22 

.12 

2.64 

.10 

2.08 

.09 

28 

7.94 

.14 

4.07 

.11 

2.55 

.09 

2.00 

.08 

29 

7.66 

.13 

3.93 

.11 

2.46 

.09 

1.93 

.08 

30 

7.41 

.13 

3.80 

.11 

2.38 

.09 

1.87 

.08 


Safe loads given include weight of channel. Maximum fibre stress, 16,000 
lbs. per square inch. 


















IRON AND STEEL CONSTRUCTION. 


109 


SAFE LOADS UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED FOR STANDARD AND 
SPECIAL CHANNELS. 

In Tons of 2000 Lbs. 


Distance between 
Supports in Feet. 

8 " C 

Add for Every Lb. 
Increase in Weight. 

7 " d 

Add for Every Lb. 
Increase in Weight. 

6 " c 

Add for Every Lb. 
Increase in Weight. 

5" d 

Add for Every Lb. 

Increase in Weight. 

4" C 

Add for Every Lb. 

Increase in Weight. 

3" C 

j Add for Every Lb. 

| Increase in Weight. 

11.25 

Lbs. 

9.75 

Lbs. 

8 

Lbs. 

6.5 

Lbs. 

5.25 

Lbs. 

4 

Lbs. 

5 

8.61 

.42 

6.68 

.36 

4.62 

.31 

3.16 

.26 

2.02 

.21 

1.16 

.16 

6 

7.18 

.35 

5.57 

.30 

3.85 

.26 

2.63 

.22 

1.68 

.18 

.97 

.13 

7 

6.15 

.30 

4.77 

.26 

3.30 

.22 

2.26 

.19 

1.44 

.15 

.83 

.11 

8 

5.38 

.26 

4.18 

.23 

2.89 

.19 

1.98 

.16 

1.26 

.13 

.73 

.10 

9 

4.78 

.23 

3.71 

.20 

2.57 

.17 

1.76 

.14 

1.12 

.12 

.64 

.09 

10 

4.31 

.21 

3.34 

.18 

2.31 

.16 

1.53 

.13 

1.01 

.11 

.58 

.08 

11 

3.91 

.19 

3.04 

.16 

2.10 

.14 

1.44 

.12 

.92 

.10 

.53 

.07 

12 

3.59 

.18 

2.78 

.15 

1.93 

.13 

1.32 

.11 

.84 

.09 

.48 

.07 

13 

3.31 

.16 

2.57 

.14 

1.78 

.12 

1.22 

.10 

.78 

.08 

.45 

.06 

14 

3.08 

.15 

2.39 

.13 

1.65 

.11 

1.13 

.09 

.72 

.08 

.41 

.06 

15 

2.87 

.14 

2.23 

.12 

1.54 

.10 

1.05 

.09 

.67 

.07 

.39 

.05 

16 

2.69 

.13 

2.09 

.11 

1.44 

.10 

.99 

.08 

.63 

.07 

.36 

.05 

17 

2.53 

.12 

1.96 

.11 

1.36 

.09 

.93 

.08 

.59 

.06 

.34 

.05 

18 

2.39 

.11 

1.86 

.10 

1.28 

.09 

.88 

.07 

.56 

.06 

.32 

.04 

19 

2.27 

.11 

1.76 

.09 

1.22 

.08 

.83 

.07 

.53 

.06 

.31 

.04 

20 

2.15 

.11 

1.67 

.09 

1.16 

.08 

.79 

.07 

. 51 - 

.05 

.29 

.04 

21 

2.05 

.10 

1.59 

.09 

1.10 

.07 

.75 

.06 

.48 

.05 

.28 

.04 

22 

1.96 

.10 

1.52 

.08 

1.05 

.07 

.72 

.06 

.46 

.05 

.26 

.04 

23 

1.87 

.09 

1.45 

.08 

1.00 

.07 

.69 

.06 

.44 

.05 

.25 

.03 

24 

1.79 

.09 

1.39 

.08 

.96 

.06 

.66 

.05 

.42 

.04 

.24 

.03 

25 

1.72 

.08 

1.34 

.07 

.92 

.06 

.63 

.05 

.40 

.04 

.23 

.03 


Safe loads given include weight of channel. Maximum fibre stress, 16,000 


lbs. per square inch. 
































PART V. 


STRENGTH, WEIGHT, ETC., OF VARIOUS 
MATERIALS USED BY THE CARPENTER. 


STRENGTH AND WEIGHT OF MATERIALS. Ill 

STRENGTH, WEIGHT, ETC., OF VARIOUS WOODS. 



Strength per 

Sq. In. in Lbs. 

Moduli 
of Elas¬ 
ticity. 

Relative 

Hardn’ss 

Shell- 

bark 

Hickory 

being 

1000. 

Weight 


Name. 

Tensile. 

Crushing 
in Direc¬ 
tion of 

per 

Cubic 

Foot. 

Specific 

Gravity. 



Grain. 









46.5 

.750 



6,150 



50 

.800 




700 

49 

.793 


17,000 

11,000 

18,000 

15,000 

11,500 

9,000 

8,600 


775 

40.77 

.610 

Ash (brown). . . . 


38.96 

.623 

10,000 

8,000 

9,000 

6,000 



62 

.990 



630 

35.44 

.567 



660 

40.42 

.650 



440 

23.50 

.376 



550 

44.70 

.715 


10,500 

5,000 

1,000,000 

520 

41.25 

.660 

Cork 


15 

.240 

Cedar (white). . . 

11,400 

6,500 

700,000 

540 

37.25 

.596 


9,000 

5,000 

6,000 

6,000 



35 

.560 


900,000 


27.60 

.441 


750 

47.25 

.750 





86.16 

1.331 

Elm 

13,000 

10,000 

17,000 

8,000 

7,000 

7,000 


580 

42 

.671 

Fir 

1,200,000 


32 

.512 

flnm 


52.69 

.843 

HhzcI . 


720 

53.75 

.860 

Holly 





47.50 

.760 

Hickory (pignut) 

15,000 

9,000 


950 

49.50 

.792 


43.12 

.690 

Hickory (shell- 

V)Q ylr ^ 

18,000 

8,740 

10,000 

5,400 

1000 

TTprnlnclf 

900,000 

23.00 

.368 

TTfiplcrnatank. 


37.00 

.592 






35.37 

.566 






45 

.720 

Trcli 

9,500 

12,000 




34.55 

.552 

Lignum-vitse. . .. 

9,000 



83.31 

1.333 



57.06 

.913 

T ,npnof 

20,000 

12,000 

10,000 

10,000 

16,000 

]i,720 



45.50 

.728 

M alin0’flnv 

6,000 

9,000 

7,000 

6,000 



55.75 

.829 

lTlaliUgcinj. 

Maple (hard).. . . 
Maple (white). .. 
Oak (white). 


550 

46.87 

.750 


36 

.576 

1.100,000 

850 

53.75 

.860 

Oak (red or 

10,000 

9,800 

8,000 


700 

40.75 

.652 

PpQ T* 



47 

.752 

Plum . 




49.06 

.785 

.383 

.480 

cron 

Pnnl n r 

7,000 

5,000 


510 

23.99 

Pine (white). . . . 
Pine (Norway). . 

7,000 

5,000 

1,000,000 

300 

30 

8,300 

7,000 

1,200,000 


33.25 

. OoZ 

540 

38.40 

.612 

Pine (yellow). . . 

16,000 

5,500 

1,200,000 

Pine(yellow long- 

20,000 

13,800 

9,000 

7,000 

1,700,000 


43.62 

.698 

.544 

lCdl /. 

Pine (Oregon). .. 

1,400,000 


34 


45.50 

.728 

.419 

Redwood (Cal.).. 

ft non 

2,500 

7,00000 


26.23 

o,UUU 


55.31 

.885 

.500 




Spruce (white). . 

14,000 

6,500 

1,200,000 


31.25 


23.93 

.383 

Wl n 1n111 

10,000 

12,000 

8,000 



41.93 

.671 

.535 




33.40 

w mow. 




































































































112 STRENGTH AND WEIGHT OF MATERIALS. 

WEIGHTS AND SIZES OF SHEET LEAD. 


Pounds per square foot 

21 

3 

31 4 

41 

5 

6 

Wire-gauge number. . . 

19 

18 

17 16 

15 

14 

13 


Pounds per square foot 

7 | 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

Wire-gauge number. .. 

12 ) 

11 

10 

9 

8 

7 


(A square foot of sheet lead A of an inch thick weighs 4 pounds.) 


APPROXIMATE WEIGHTS OF CAST-IRON SOIL-PIPE 
AND FITTINGS. 


Standard. 


Size, inches. 

2 

3 

4 

5 | 6 

8 

10 

12 


Pipe.pounds per foot 

Crosses.pounds each 

Double Y branch ‘ ‘ 

Double hubs. “ “ 

Eighth bends. ... “ “ 

Half Y branches . “ 

Quarter bends. . . “ “ 

Reducers. “ “ 

Sixth bends. " “ 

Sleeves. “ “ 

T branches. “ “ 

Traps. “ “ 

Y branches. “ 

31 

5 

8 

3 

3 

41 

4 

’ 3 ' 
21 

4 

51 

5 

41 

10 

11 

4 

4f 

61 

51 

3 

4f 

4 

8 

10 

9 

61 

12 

18 

6 

6 

10 

8 

6 

5 

10 

19 

13 

81 

16 

28 

8 

8 

14 
10 

6 

8 

6 

15 
26 
18 

10 

24 
37 
10 
11 
16 
141 

8 

11 

7 

20 

35 

25 

17 

23 

45 

33 


16 

24 

26 

32£ 


34 

9 

24 

41 


32f 


38 

55 


42 

70 


Size, inches. 




2X8 

3X8 

4X12 

5 X f 2 

6X8 





Offsets, pounds each. 




5 

8 

15 

20 

22 






Extra Heavy. 


Size, inches. 

2 

3 

4 

5 

17 

32 

42 

11 

12 

24 
15 

8 

12 

9 

25 
45 
32 

6 

8 

10 

,2 

Pipe.pounds per foot. 

Crosses.pounds each 

Double Y branch. “ “ 

Double hubs. “ “ 

Eighth bends.... “ “ 

Half Y branches . * * “ 

Quarter bends. . . “ “ 

Reducers. “ “ 

Sixth bends. “ “ 

Sleeves. ' ‘ “ 

T branches. “ “ 

Traps. “ “ 

Y branches. “ “ 

51 

10 

12 

4+ 

4i 

9 

6 

' 4 j 
4 

7 

9 

10 

91 

20 

20 

7 

61 

13 

8 

4 

61 

6 

13 

18 

15 

13 

24 
32 

8 

91 

18 

12 

6 

91 

7 

20 

23 

25 

20 

48 

60 

14 

16 

30 

20 

11 

16 

10 

34 

68 

45 

34 

85 

45 

54 



2S 

351 

47 

591 


44 

16 

351 

74 


59 £ 


50 

104 


85 

151 


Size, inches. 




2X8 

3X8 

4X12 

5X12 

6X8 

Offsets, pounds each 




9 

15 

23 

30 

38 


























































































































STRENGTH AND WEIGHT OF MATERIALS. 113 


WEIGHT OF CAST-IRON SASH-WEIGHTS. 


Length 




I nches 

Round. 

i in Diameter. 













in 

Inches. 

1 

If 

1* 

If 

2 

21 

2* 

2f 

3 


Weight in Pounds. 

1 

.23 

.31 

.45 

.62 

.81 

1.04 

1.27 

1.53 

1.83 

2 

.40 

.62 

.90 

1.24 

1.62 

2.08 

2.54 

3.06 

3.66 

3 

.60 

.93 

1.35 

1.86 

2.43 

3.12 

3.81 

4.59 

5.41 

4 

.80 

1.24 

1.80 

2.48 

3.24 

4.16 

5.08 

6.12 

7.32 

5 

1.00 

1.55 

2.25 

3.10 

4.05 

5.20 

6.35 

7.65 

9.15 

6 

1.20 

1.86 

2.70 

3.72 

4.86 

6.24 

7.62 

9.18 

10.98 

7 

1.40 

2.17 

3.15 

4.34 

5.67 

7.28 

8.89 

10.71 

12.81 

8 , 

1.60 

2.48 

3.63 

4.96 

6.48 

8.32 

10.16 

12.24 

14.64 

9 

1.80 

2.79 

4.05 

5.58 

7.29 

9.36 

11.43 

13.77 

16.47 

10 

2.00 

3.10 

4.50 

6.20 

8.10 

10.40 

12.70 

15.30 

18.30 

11 

2.20 

3.41 

4.96 

6.88 

9.91 

11.44 

13.97 

16.83 

23.13 

12 

2.43 

3.72 

5.40 

7.44 

9.72 

12.48 

15.24 

18.36 

21.96 


Square. 

Inches Square. 












in 

Inches. 

1 

If 

If 

If 

2 

21 

2f 

2f 

3 


Weight in Pounds. 


1 


.25 

.40 


,58 


.79 

1 

.04 

1 

.31 

1 

.62 

1 

.96 

2 

.34 

2 


.52 

.80 

1 . 

16 

1 

.58 

2. 

.08 

2 

.62 

3 

.24 

3 

.92 

4 

.68 

3 


.78 

1.20 

1 . 

74 

2 

.37 

3. 

.12 

3 

93 

4. 

,86 

5 

.88 

7. 

.02 

4 

1 . 

.04 

1.60 

2. 

32 

3 

.16 

4. 

.16 

5 

.24 

6. 

.48 

7 

.84 

9 

.36 

5 

1 . 

.30 

2.00 

2 

90 

3 

.95 

5. 

20 

6 

.55 

8. 

.10 

9 

.88 

11. 

.70 

6 

1 . 

.56 

2.40 

3! 

48 

4 

.74 

6. 

,21 

7 

.86 

9. 

,72 

11 

.76 

14. 

.04 

7 

1 . 

.82 

2.80 

4. 

06 

5 

.53 

7. 

.23 

9 

.17 

11. 

34 

13 

.72 

16. 

.38 

8 

2. 

.08 

3.23 

4. 

64 

6 

.32 

8. 

32 

10 

.48 

12. 

96 

15 

.68 

18. 

.72 

9 

2. 

34 

3.60 

5. 

22 

7. 

.11 

9. 

,36 

11. 

.79 

14 

.58 

17 

.64 

21. 

.06 

10 

2. 

60 

4.00 

5. 

88 

7, 

.90 

10. 

40 

13 

.10 

16. 

.23 

19 

.60 

23. 

.40 

11 

2. 

86 

4.40 

6. 

38 

8. 

.69 

11. 

44 

14 

.41 

17 

82 

21 

.56 

25. 

.74 

12 

3. 

12 

4.80 

6. 

96 

9 

.48 

12. 

.48 

15 

.72 

19. 

.44 

23 

.52 

23, 

.08 


Weight of Crowds. —The weight of crowds on floors per 
square foot varies from 100 to 145 pounds. Prof. Kernot of 
Victoria made some experiments with a crowd of persons in 
which he packed them close enough to give a weight on the 
floor of 147.4 pounds per square foot. 


















































114 STRENGTH AND WEIGHT OF MATERIALS. 


TABLE OF LEAD SASH-WEIGHTS. 


Size. 

Round Weights, 
Weight per Lineal Foot. 

Square Weights, 
Weight per Lineal Foot. 

1 inch 

34 pounds 

6 

4.93 pounds 

H “ 

7.68 

H 

81 

10.27 

if 

Ilf 

15.08 

2 “ 

154 

19.02 

21 “ 

184 

24 

24 “ 

23 

30.82 

3i “ 

28.93 

37.27 

3 “ 

34.81 

44.38 

31 “ 

40.52 

52.07 

3J “ 

47.26 

60.82 

3f “ 

4 “ 

54 

61.93 

69.33 


WEIGHT AND THICKNESS OF BUILDING PAPERS. 

Weight of Building Papers. —There are a number of dif¬ 
ferent building papers on the market, such as asbestos, parch¬ 
ment, felt, rosin-sized, asphalt, tar, etc. 

They are usually graded as to weight or thickness. 

The felt or deafening papers are usually graded as to weight per 
square yard, and generally come in three weights, viz.: 9 square 
feet to a pound, and which is about inch in thickness; 6 
square feet to a pound, and which is about ^ inch in thickness; 
4£ square feet to a pound, and which is about inch in thickness. 

The asbestos papers usually run in three thicknesses as fol¬ 
lows: Thin, which weighs 6 pounds per 100 square feet and 
which is about inch in thickness; medium, which weighs 10 
pounds per 100 square feet, and which is about cV inch in thick¬ 
ness; and heavy, weighing 14 pounds per 100 square feet, and 
which is about iV inch in thickness. 

Rosin-sized papers also come in various thicknesses, but are 
usually very thin; they are made by immersing Manila or other 
paper in a mixture of rosin, glue, and ochre. 

Asphalt papers are made by saturating felt paper with asphal- 
tum, either alone or mixed with petroleum residuum. 

The various tar and roofing papers are made in one, two, or 
three thicknesses, and are designated as “one-ply,” “two-ply,” 
etc. 













STRENGTH AND WEIGHT OF MATERIALS. 115 


SIZE AND WEIGHT OF CHURCH AND SCHOOL BELLS. 


Inches in Diameter. 


School and chapel bells. 

20-inch. . . . . 

22 - 


24- 

26- 

28- 

30- 


without toller. 
Church bells. 

30-inch with toller... 
32- 


34- 

36- 

38- 

40- 

42- 

44- 

46- 

48- 


Weight of 
Bell Only. 


Weight of Bell 
and Mounting. 


105 lbs. 

150 lbs. 

125 “ 

175 “ 

155 “ 

225 “ 

215 “ 

325 “ 

250 “ 

400 “ 

320 “ 

525 “ 

330 “ 

535 “ 

380 “ 

575 “ 

460 “ 

725 “ 

550 “ 

800 “ 

650 “ 

950 “ 

800 “ 

1100 “ 

900 “ 

1200 “ 

1050 “ 

1450 “ 

1150 “ 

1600 “ 

1350 " 

1850 “ 

TINNERS 

RIVETS. 

1884. ' 



Size. 

Length. 

Diameter, 

Wire 

Gauge. 

Size. 

Length. 

Diameter, 

Wire 

Gauge. 

8 oz. 

5 

3 2 

No. 13i 

3£ lbs. 


No. 8 

10 “ 

1_1 

64 

“ 13 

4 “ 

1 1 

“ 7\ 

12 “ 

T6 

“ 12£ 

5 “ 

i 

“ 61 

14 “ 

1 6 

“ 12 

6 “ 

M 

“ 6 

1 lb. 

13 

64 

“ 111 

7 “ 

13 

3 2 

“ 51 

U “ 

32 

“ 11 

8 “ 

7 

“ 4J 

H “ 

15. 

64 

“ 101 

9 “ 

29. 

“ 41 

If “ 

i 

“ 10 

10 “ 

15 

“ 4 

2 lbs. 

11 

64 

“ 91 

12 “ 


“ 3 

2i “ 

9 

32 

“ 9 

14 “ 

33. 

64 

“ 2 

3 “ 

16 

“ 8} 

16 “ 

17 

32 

“ 1 


WEIGHTS OF LUMBER. 
ESTIMATED WEIGHTS OF WHITE PINE. 


Pounds per Thousand Feet 


Timbers, rough. 
Lumber, rough. 
Lumber, dressed.. . . 
Lumber, D. and M,. 

Battens, O. G. 

Siding and | ceiling. 

Shingles. 

Lath. .. 


Green. 

Dry. 

3250 

2500 

3000 

2400 

2500 

2000 

2400 

1800 

1900 

1500 

1250 

800 

450 

250 

950 

500 







































































116 STRENGTH AND WEIGHT OF MATERIALS. 


WEIGHTS OF FINISHED LUMBER. 
ESTIMATED WEIGHTS OF YELLOW PINE. 


Pounds per Thousand Feet. 


Finishing, 1 to 2 inch, rough. . . 

Finishing, 1 inch, S 2 S. . .. 

Finishing, 1* to 2 inch, S 2 S, . 

Boards and fencing, rough. . , .. 

Boards and fencing, S IS. 

Flooring, ff, drop siding and moulded 

Flooring, 1X4.'.. 

Flooring, |X6. 

Ceiling, f inch. 

Ceiling, £ inch. 

Ceiling, | inch. 

Ceiling, f inch. 

Siding from 1-inch stock. 

Siding from lf-inch stock. 

2X4 to 2X8, S 1 S and E to If. _ _ 

2X10 and 2X12, S 1 S and E to If. .. 

2 X 4 to 2 X 8, rough . 

2X10 and 2X 12, rough. 

2X14 and 3X12, rough. 

2X14 and 3X 12, S 1 S and E. . . 

4X4 and 6 X 6, rough.. 

4X4 and 6X6, S 1 S and E. 

8X8 and over, rough. 


casing. . 


Short Leaf. 


3000 

2600 

2700 

3200 

2600 

2000 

2100 

2200 

1000 

1300 

1500 

1900 

1000 

1250 

2400 

2600 

3200 

3200 

3500 

2800 

3500 

2700 

4000 


Long Leaf. 


3000 

2800 

2800 

3200 

2800 

2300 

2300 

2400 

1000 

1300 

1600 

2000 

1000 

1500 

2600 

2800 

3200 

3400 

3700 

3000 

3800 

3000 

4000 


STANDARD WEIGHTS OF CYPRESS LUMBER. 


Lumber, rough, 2 inches and under. 
Lumber, rough, 2f and 3 inches. , . 

f-inch flooring and ceiling. 

f-inch ceiling. 

f-inch ceiling. 

f-inch ceiling. 

Linch bevel siding. 

Shingles, all grades. 

f-inch plaster lath. 

f-inch French lath. 

11" X If" X 4" D. H. pickets. 

f" X 2f" X 4" D. H. pickets. 

2- inch O. G, battens. 

2f-inch O. G. battens. 

3- inch O. G. Battens. 


Pounds per 
Thousand Feet. 

.3000 

. 3500 

. 2300 

. 1600 

. 1300 

. 1000 

. 1000 

. 300 

. 500 

. 900 

. 1600 

. 1800 

. 500 

. 600 

. 700 
















































STRENGTH AND WEIGHT OF MATERIALS. 117 


WEiGHTS AND MEASURES OF CONCRETE MATERIALS. 

Sand weighs from 80 to 100 pounds per cubic foot, dry and 
loose, and from OQ to 115 pounds, dry and well shaken. 

Gravel weighs from 100 to 120 pounds per cubic foot loose, 
and about 20 pounds more when well rammed. 

Crushed limestone weighs about 90 pounds per cubic foot, 
varying somewhat either way with the size and the proportion 
of fine dust. 

Copper slag, which has been used successfully where weight 
is wanted in concrete, weighs 120 to 125 pounds per cubic foot 

Quicklime weighs 64 pounds per cubic foot. 

Portland cement, loose, weighs 70 to 90 pounds per cubic 
foot; packed, about 110 pounds per cubic foot. 


ESTIMATED WEIGHTS OF LUMBER. 
Per Thousand Feet. 



Dry, 

Pounds. 

GreeD, 

Pounds. 

Black ash . . 

3250 

4500 

White ash.. 

BcGch. 

3500 

4000 

4500 

0000 

Basswood. • * . 

2400 

4000 

Birch ... 

4000 

5500 

Butternut.. 

2500 

4000 

P,hprrv .. 

3800 

5000 

Chestnut. . . 

2800 

5000 

Dvnrpss . 

3000 

5000 

Cottonwood . 

2800 

4500 

**lm . 

4000 

5500 

Soft elm . 

3000 

4500 

Gum . 

3300 

5500 

Hickory. * ... 

4500 

6000 

iVf q hniranv . 

3500 

4500 


4000 

5500 


4000 

5500 


2800 

3800 

Svpflmnrp . 

3000 

4750 

Walnut. . .. 

3800 

4800 

YpIIow mnp . .. 

3200 

4300 





WEIGHTS OF PACIFIC-COAST LUMBER. 


Oregon fir, 1 inch, rough.- • 

Washington red cedar, 1 inch, rough. 
Washington red cedar, 1 inch, dressed 
California sugar pine, 1 inch, rough. 
California redwood, 1 to 2 inch, rough 
California redwood, 1 to 2 inch. Sib 
California redwood, 1 to 2 inch, S 2 S 
Cedar shingles, *A*. 


Pounds per 
Thousand Feet. 

.. 2200 

. 2300 

. 2000 

. 2200 

. 2500 

. 2200 

. 2000 

. 200 







































118 STRENGTH AND WEIGHT OF MATERIALS. 


NUMBER OF PIECES OF LUMBER REQUIRED FOR A FULL 
THOUSAND FEET. 


Length 
in Feet. 

‘ 2X4 
Pieces 
and 

Amount. 

2X6 

Pieces 

and 

Amount. 

2X8 

Pieces 

and 

Amount. 

2X10 

Pieces 

and 

Amount. 

2X12 

Pieces 

and 

Amount. 

12 

125 

1000 

84 

1008 

63 

1008 

50 

1000 

42 

1008 

14 

108 

1008 

72 

1008 

54 

1008 

43 

1003$ 

36 

1008 

16 

94 

1002? 

63 

1008 

47 

1002$ 

38 

1013$ 

32 

1024 

18 

84 

1008 

56 

1008 

42 

1008 

34 

1020 

28 

1008 

20 

75 

1000 

50 

1000 

38 

1013$ 

30 

1000 

25 

1000 

22 

69 

1012 

46 

1012 

35 

1026$ 

28 

1026$ 

23 

1012 

24 

63 

1008 

42 

1008 

32 

1024 

25 

1000 

21 

1008 


SHIPPING WEIGHT OF SASH, DOORS. ETC. 

Pine doors, 2-6X6-6, 1 in., 23 lbs.; 1$ in., 28 lbs.; If in., 33 lbs.; 
If in., 40 lbs. 

Pine doors, 2-8X6-8,1 in., 24 lbs.; If in., 30 lbs.; If in., 35 lbs.; 
If in., 44 lbs. 

Yellow pine doors weigh 33f per cent more than white pine 
doors. 

Veneered hardwood doors weigh 50 per cent more than white 
pine doors. " 

Blinds, 12x28, 4 light, 18 pounds per pair. 

Blinds, 12x36, 4 light, 23 pounds per pair. 

Window-frames, in ordinary size, average 30 pounds. 

Windows, 8X10, If inch, 8 light glazed, 12 pounds. 

Windows, 10X12, If inch, 8 light glazed, 15 pounds. 

Windows, 12x16, If inch, 8 light glazed, 19 pounds. 

Windows, 10X12, If inch, 8 light glazed, 18 pounds. 

Windows, 12x14, If inch, 8 light glazed, 23 pounds. 

Windows, 8X10, If inch, 12 light glazed, 14 pounds. 

Windows, 10X12, If inch, 12 light glazed, 21 pounds. 





































STRENGTH AND WEIGHT OF MATERIALS. 119 


Windows, 10X14, If inch, 12 light glazed, 23 pounds. 

Windows, 10X12, If inch, 12 light glazed, 23 pounds. 

Windows, 10X16, If inch, 12 light glazed, 29 pounds. 

Windows, 20X28, If inch, glazed S. S., 23 pounds, D. S., 25 lbs. 

Windows, 24X30, If inch, glazed S. S., 24 pounds, D. S., 26 lbs. 

Windows, 24X36, If inch, glazed S. S., 27 pounds, D„ S., 30 lbs. 

Windows, 28X32, If inch, glazed S. S., 28 pounds, D. S., 32 lbs. 

Porch posts, 4X4, 8 feet, 26 pounds. 

Porch posts, 4X4, 9 feet, 30 pounds. 

Porch posts, 5X5, 8 feet, 36 pounds. 

Porch posts, 5X5, 9 feet, 42 pounds. 

Columns, 8X8 (built up), 50 pounds. 

Corner, base, and head-blocks, average 1 pound each. 

Balusters, If inch, 1 pound each. 

Spindles, If inch, f pound each. 

Kitchen cabinets, bundled for shipment, 100 pounds. 

Hardwood mantels, bundled for shipment, 300 pounds. 

Wood carpet, fancy hardwood flooring, 1 pound per square foot. 

SIZE AND WEIGHT OF SASH-CORDS. 


Brand of 

Num¬ 

ber. 

Diam¬ 
eter in 
Inches. 

Feet 

per 

Hank. 

Weight 

per 

Hank, 

Lbs. 

Suitable 
for Weights 
of 

Smallest 
Pulley 
Ao be 
Used. 

r 

Silver Lake | 
and { 

Samson. 

| 

6 

TS 

100 

u 

up to 10 lbs. 

11 in. 

7 

8 

T2 

i 

100 

100 

2 

21 

10 to 15 lbs. 
15 to 25 lbs. 

If in. 

2 in. 

9 

10 

| 

100 

100 

21 

3 1 

25 to 35 lbs 
35 to 45 lbs 

21 in. 
21 in. 


12 

i 

100 

5 

45 to 55 lbs. 

3 in. 


Note .—The number of sash-cord indicates the diameter in 32ds of an inch. 


HEMP SASH-CORD. 

f inch weighs 1 lb. to about 38 feet. 

“ 1“ “ “ 45 feet. 

Hemp-cord weighs about If lbs. per bundle. 

STANDARD SIZES OF HOISTING ROPE. 


Diameter, inches. ..... 
Nominal circumference, 

1 

n 

H 

If 

H 

If 

H 

2 

inches. 

31 

31 

4 

41 

41 

51 

1 

51 

6 



























120 STRENGTH AND WEIGHT OF MATERIALS. 


STRENGTH, ETC., OF CHAMPION SASH-CHAINS. 



Manufactured by Thos. Morton, New York. 

For a 
Sash of 

No. 1. 

Champion 

metal 

chains (extra heavy) . 

, . 150 lbs. 

“ 2. 

L < 

i i 

i i 

i i ii 

. . 75 lbs. 

“ 1. 

l t 

t t 

( C 

regular, . . 

.. 90 ‘ ‘ 

2. 

C t 

i t 

ct 

i C 

.. 60 ‘* 

“ 8. 

t i 

t c 

i c 

a 

.. 25 “ 

“ 3. 

t c 

i t 

C t 

( c 

.. 20 lt 

“ 1. 

t t 

steel 

t c 


.. 100 “ 

“ 2. 

t c 

i i 

< < 


. . 60 4< 

“3. “ 

Chains are put 

( L 

up on 

l c 

reels 

of 500 feet each. 

. . 20 “ 


STRENGTH OF CABLE-CHAINS. 

For a 
Door of 

No. 6. Heavy steel cable-chain. 1000 lbs. 

" 5. “ “ ** . 800 “ 

4. “ “ “ 500 “ 

“ 110. “ “ “ 250 “ 

STRENGTH, ETC., OF SASH-CHAINS. 

Manufactured by the Smith & Egge Manufacturing Co 


Sash-chain 

Style. 


No. 

For Sash- 

weighing 

‘‘Giant” Metal 

(A Bronze Mixture) . . 

. A . 

. .Not 

over 

300 lbs. 

t ( n 

^ it It 

)•• 

. 1 . 

t ( 

( c 

200 “ 

a a 

^ it it 


. 2 . 

t t 

11 

150 “ 

t i a 

^ a 11 


. 0 . 

i i 

11 

75 “ 

“Red Metal”.. 

, (A Red Bronze). . 


. A . 

. Not 

over 

175 lbs. 

It it 

.( “ “ )•• 


. 1 . 

l t 

11 

125 “ 

it t i 

( - “ ).. 


. 2 . 

i t 

11 

100 “ 

( £ t C 

.( “ “ )■ • 


. 0 . 

i i 

11 

60 “ 

Steel. 

.Plain or Coppered. 


. A . 

. .Not 

over 

180 lbs. 

( t 

it it it 


. 1 . 

t t 

11 

130 lbs. 

t C 

it it it 


. 2 . 

i t 

11 

80 “ 

( c 

It C ( it 


. 0 . 

i i 

t e 

40 “ 

(( 

. Black Enamelled. 


. 1 . 

i i 

11 

130 “ 

(( 

i l it 


. 2 . 

t ( 

11 

80 “ 

(( 

It it 


. 0 . 

t e 

11 

40 “ 

No. XXXX. . . 
No. XXXX. . . 
No. XXXX. . . 

.“Giant” Metal: . . 



. Not, over 

450 lbs. 

.“Red Metal” , . . . 



t t 

11 

400 “ 

. Steel. 



t t 

11 

400 “ 


No. A. A. “Red Metal” (Bronze Mixture) Tensile Strength. 900 lbs. 
“ “ Steel. “ “ 750 “ 





































STRENGTH AND WEIGHT OF MATERIALS 121 


SIZE, ETC., OF PULLMAN SASH-BALANCES 
(Two to each sash.) 


Weight 
of Each 
Sash, 
Pounds. 

Length 
of Tape, 
Inches, 

Dimensions of Face 
plate, Inches. 

Dimensions of Mortise. 
Inches 

Length. 

Width, 

Round 

End 

Length. 

Width 

Depth. 

4 to 

5 

30 

3* 

1 

24 

i 

24 

6 “ 

7 

30 

3* 

1 

2i 

4 

24 

8 “ 

9 

30 

3* 

1 

2i 

i 

24 

10 

11 

46 

4i 

n 

3 

1A 

3 

12 ’• 

13 

46 

4* 

n 

3 

l* 

3 

14 '• 

15 

46 

41 

i* 

3 

1 iV 

3 

16 " 

17 

46 

5 

H 

34 

1A 

34 

18 “ 

19 

46 

5 

H 

34 

1 1 6 

34 

20 “ 

2! 

46 

5 

U 

34 

1 -3- 
J 1 6 

34 

22 •• 

23 

46 

5 

n 

34 

1 1 6 

34 

24 ** 

26 

54 

5| 

H 

44 

1 JL 

1 1 6 

4 

27 “ 

29 

54 

5f 

H 

44 

I A. 

I I 6 

4 

30 •* 

32 

54 

H 

it 

44 

1A 

4 

33 “ 

35 

54 

6i 

H 

H 

1A 

44 

36 •' 

38 

54 

H 

H 

if 

i A 

44 

39 “ 

41 

54 

61 

H 

H 

1 _I_ 

1 I 6 

44 

42 ** 

44 

54 

6i 

H 

if 

1-L 

1 16 

44 


SIZE, NUMBER, ETC., OF CALDWELL SASH-BALANCES 


Numbers 

Weight 
of Sash, 
Pounds 

Length 
of Rib- 

Numbers 

Weight 
of Sash, 
Pounds 

Length 
of Rib- 

Side 

Top. 

bon, 

Inches 

Side. 

Top. 

bon. 

Inches. 

6 

06 

4 to 

6 

30 

50 

050 

47 to 50 

50 

8 

08 

6 “ 

8 

30 

53 

053 

50 ‘ 

4 53 

50 

10 

010 

8 ‘ 

10 

34 

56 

056 

53 ‘ 

4 56 

50 

12 

012 

io •• 

12 

38 

59 

059 

56 * 

4 59 

50 

14 

014 

12 “ 

14 

42 

62 

032 

59 ‘ 

‘ 62 

50 

16 

016 

14 “ 

16 

42 

65 

035 

62 ‘ 

1 65 

50 

18 

018 . 

16 “ 

18 

44 

68 

068 

65 ‘ 

4 68 

50 

20 

020 

18 

20 

46 

71 

071 

68 ‘ 

4 71 

50 

23 

023 

20 “ 

23 

50 

75 

075 

71 4 

' 75 

50 

23 

026 

23 “ 

26 

50 

78 

078 

75 ‘ 

' 78 

50 

29 

029 

26 '* 

29 

52 

81 

081 

78 ‘ 

‘ 81 

50 

32 

032 

29 “ 

32 

52 

84 

084 

81 4 

4 84 

50 

35 

035 

32 “ 

35 

54 

87 

087 

84 ' 

‘ 87 

50 

33 

038 

35 “ 

38 

54 

90 

090 

87 4 

‘ 90 

50 

41 

041 

38 * 

41 

54 

93 

093 

90 4 

4 93 

50 

44 

044 

41 

44 

54 

96 

093 

93 ‘ 

• 96 

50 

47 

047 

44 

47 

50 

100 

0100 

96 ‘ 

•100 

•50 































122 STRENGTH AND WEIGHT OF MATERIALS. 


TABLES SHOWING NUMBER OF RIVETS AND BURS TO THE 

POUND. 

Oval Head, or Trunk, Rivets and Burs. 

Length Measured under the Head. 


No 

i 

vs 


7 

16 

i 

9 

1 6 

f 

i 

1 

1 

n 

n 

Burs. 

— 














9 

317 

270 

254 

220 

206 

193 

189 

165 

138 

116 

107 

101 

600 


COPPER BRAZIER’S RIVETS. 
Oval Head 

Length Measured under the Head 


Numbers. . . 

00 

0 

l 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

Number to 












pound.. . . 

160 

148 

66 

49 

37 

28 

23 

19 

13 

8 

6 

5 

Diameter of 











shank . . 

5 

3 2 

5 

1 6 

i 

1 7 

64 

9 

3 2 

5 

1 6 

tf 

# 

7 

1 6 

1 7 

3~2 

f 

21 

3 2 

Length,Ins 

5 

1 6 

i 


i 

1 

UL 

16 

i 

1 3 

16 

1 5 

16 

n 

n 

li 


FLAT-HEAD COPPER RIVETS. 
Length Measured under the Head. 


i in. diameter of shank, . 

Number to pound. 

5 ^ in. diameter of shank . 

Number to pound. 

§ in. diameter of shank .X 1 

Number to pound. 17 

I in. diameter of shank. - . .X 1 

Number to pound. 9 


X f 

1 

u 

H in 

long 

48 

36 

32 

30 

X i 

1 

1} 

11 in 

long 

26 

24 

21 

17 

H 

1# 

n 

2 in 

long 

15 

13 

12 

10 

n 

If 

n 

2 in 

long 

8 

7 

6 

5 


TABLE SHOWING NUMBER OF STAR BRAND BRASS 
ESCUTCHEON PINS TO THE POUND. 


Length Measured under the Head, 


No 

I 

1 

i 

1 

t 

i 

1 

li 

n 

li 

2 

12 


720 

650 

460 

416 

400 

336 

272 

212 

1 Q9 

i in 

13 


1120 

948 

672 

528 

480 

400 

380 

320 

4 XJ Li 

229 

1 / U 
220 

14 

1875 

1312 

1100 

950 

830 

692 

600 

432 

378 

320 

272 

15 

2440 

1820 

1376 

1152 

960 

888 

720 

576 

580 

432 

400 

16 

3100 

2240 

1720 

1460 

1275 

1130 

980 

720 

592 

578 

464 

17 

3540 

2700 

2076 

1812 

1500 

1185 

1051 

928 

800 

640 


18 

4972 

3175 

2550 

2450 

2200 

1740 

1520 

1216 

960 



19 

7303 

5140 

4130 

3565 

2900 







20 

9932 

8419 

6374 

5500 

4155 








WEIGHTS OF STAIR PLATES, STOCK SIZES. 


5X 18 5X20 6X 18 

| inc —.:. 1A 1A 

Brass.. 1$ If lj 

These tables are theoretically correct , but variations must be 
practice . 


6 X L'O 

lflbs 
2 • 

expected in 





























































STRENGTH AND WEIGHT OF MATERIALS. 123 


LENGTH, DIAMETER, ETC., OF SPIKES, NAILS, 
TACKS, ETC. 

SPIKES AND NAILS. 


Standard Steel Wire Nails. 


Steel Wire 
Spikes. 


Common Iron 
Nail3. 


Sizes. 

Length, Inches. 

Common. 

Finishing. 

Length, Inches. 

Diameter, 

Inches. 

1 

Number per Lb. 

Sizes. 

Length, Inches. 

- 

Number per Lb. 

Diameter, 

Inches. 

1 

Number 
per Lb. 

Diameter, 

Inches. 

Number 
per Lb. 

2d 

1 

0524 

1060 

.0453 

1558 

3 

.1620 

41 

2d 

1 

800 

3d 

H 

.0588 

640 

.0508 

913 

3* 

.1819 

30 

3d 

H 

400 

4d 

n 

.0720 

380 

.0508 

761 

4 

:2043 

23 

4d 

H 

300 

5d 

n 

.0764 

275 

.0571 

500 

4* 

.2294 

17 

5d 

n 

200 

6d 

2 

.0808 

210 

.0641 

350 

5 

.2576 

13 

6d 

2 

150 

7d 

21 

. 0S58 

160 

.0641 

315 

54- 

. 2C93 

11 

7d 

24 

120 

8d 

24 

.0935 

115 

.0720 

214 

6 

.2893 

10 

8d 

24 

85 

9d 

2\ 

.0963 

93 

.0720 

195 

6+ 

.2249 

71 

9d 

2 * 

75 

lOd 

3 

.1082 

77 

.0808 

137 

7 

.2249 

7 

lOd 

3 

60 

12d 

31 

.1144 

60 

.0808 

127 

8 

. 3648 

5 

12d 

34 

50 

16d 

3* 

.1285 

48 

.0907 

90 

9 

.3648 

44 

16d 

34 

10 

20d 

4 

1620 

31 

1019 

62 




20d 

4 

20 

30d 

41 

1819 

22 






30d 

44 

16 

40d 

5 

2043 

17 






40d 

5 

14 

50d 

Ki. 

2294 

13 






50d 

54 

11 

60d 

. 6 

.2576 

11 





1 

60d 

6 

8 


TACKS. 


Title, 

Ounce. 

Length, 

Inches. 

Num¬ 
ber per 
Pound. 

Title, 

Ounce. 

Length, 

Inches. 

Num¬ 
ber per 
Pound. 

Title, 

Ounce. 

Length, 

Inches. 

Num¬ 
ber per 
Pound. 

1 

V* 

16,000 

4 

%« 

4000 

14 

13 /io 

1143 

14 

® 'A « 

10,666 

6 

0 /l9 

2666 

16 

% 

1000 

2 

li 

8,000 

8 


2000 

18 

lb /lQ 

888 

24 

5 /l 6 

6,400 

10 

1 Vl 6 

1600 

20 

1 

800 

3 


5,333 

12 

% 

1333 

22 

IMe 

727 







24 

lVs 

666 


NUMBER AND DIAMETER OF WOOD SCREWS. 


Num¬ 

ber. 

Diam¬ 

eter. 

Num¬ 

ber. 

Diam¬ 

eter. 

Num¬ 

ber. 

Diam¬ 

eter. 

Num¬ 

ber. 

Diam¬ 

eter. 

0 

.056 

8 

.162 

16 

.268 

24 

.374 

1 

.069 

9 

.175 

17 

.281 

25 

.387 

2 

.082 

10 

.188 

18 

.293 

26 

.401 

3 

.096 

11 

.201 

19 

.308 

27 

.414 

4 

. 109 

12 

.215 

20 

.321 

28 

.427 

5 

. 122 

13 

.228 

21 

.334 

29 

.440 

6 

.135 

14 

.211 

22 

.347 

30 

.453 

7 

.149 

15 

.255 

23 

.361 













































































124 STRENGTH AND WEIGHT OF MATERIALS. 

WROUGHT SPIKES. 


Number to a keg of 150 pounds. 


L’gth, 

Ins. 

M In., 
Num¬ 
ber. 

6 /ie In., 
Num¬ 
ber. 

Vs In., 
Num¬ 
ber. 

L’gth, 

Ins. 

M In., 
Num¬ 
ber. 

5 /ie In., 
Num¬ 
ber. 

Vs In., 
Num¬ 
ber. 

tie In., 
Num¬ 
ber. 

X A In., 
Num¬ 
ber. 

3 

2250 



7 

1161 

662 

482 

445 

306 

3} 

1890 

i.208 


8 


635 

455 

384 

256 

4 

1650 

1135 


9 


573 

424 

300 

240 

4* 

1464 

1064 


10 



391 

270 

222 

5 

1380 

930 

742 

11 




249 

203 

6 

1292 

868 

570 

12 




236 

180 


WEIGHT OF COPPER NAILS. 
Cut Copper Slating Nails. 
If inch, about 190 to the pound. 

If inch, about 135 to the pound. 


Cut Yellow Metal Slating Nails. 

If inch, about 154 to the pound. 

If inch, about 140 to the pound. 


Copper Wire Slating Nails. 


1 

inch 

No. 

12 

gauge 

about 303 

per 

pound. 

1 

CC 

CC 

12 

cc 

C C 

270 

it 

u 

n 

cc 

cc 

11 

<c 

CC 

196 

cc 

cc 

if 

cc 

cc 

10 

(t 

cc 

134 

it 

cc 

if 

cc 

cc 

12 

cc 

cc 

231 

it 

cc 

if 

cc 

cc 

12 

cc 

(C 

210 

(C 

cc 


NUMBER OF BOAT SPIKES TO 200-POUND KEG. 


ro 

- 0) 

Diameter. 

-4-> rj 

» a 

M HH 

t£ Inch 

5 /le Inch 

Vs Inch 

tie Inch 

V> Inch 

Vs Inch 

V Inch 

tS 

Square. 

Square. 

Square. 

Square. 

Square. 

Square. 

Square. 

3 

3300 







31 

2380 







4 

2343 

i 67 






43 

2200 

1364 

i039 





5 

2030 

1303 

935 





51 

1828 

1175 

830 





6 

1621 

1115 

710 

562 

433 



7 

1420 

983 

665 

. 516 

400 



8 

1220 

849 

602 

453 

337 



9 



519 

409 

305 



10 



468 

369 

297 

182 


12 



410 

302 

241 

155 


14 





216 

130 

95 

16 





182 

122 

80 





























































STRENGTH AND WEIGHT OF MATERIALS. 125 


STANDARD SIZES OF WOOD LAG-BOLTS. 


Diam¬ 
eter of 
Bolt 

5 

Ffi 

f 

lT> 

b 

A i 

i 

l 

1 



H 

1 + 

H 

D 







2 

2 

2 

2 

2 






2* 

2b 

2b 

2 b 

2i 

2 b 





3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 




3* 

31 

3* 

3b 

31 

3i 

3i 

3* 



4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

Length 


n 

H 

H 

4 b 

4i 

4i 

4 b 

4+ 

of 


5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

Bolt ^ 


5* 

5* 

Si- 

5b 

5* 

5* 

5* 

5i 

in 


G 

6 

6 

6 

G 

6 

6 

6 

Inches 




6 b 

()-£- 

Gi 

6* 

6* 

G b 





7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 




. 

lb 

7i 

7i 

7i 

74 

7b 





8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 





9 

9 

9 

9 

9 

9 






10 

10 

10 

10 

10 






11 

11 

11 

11 

11 






12 

12 

12 

12 

12 


HOLDING POWER OF LAG-BOLTS IN WOOD 

(Test made by A J. Cox, at the University of Iowa, 1891. and is given 
by Kent in his book ) 


Kind of Wood. 

Size of 
Screw 

Size of 
Hole 
Bored. 

Length of 
Bolt in 
Wood 

Maximum 
Resist¬ 
ance in 
Tons, 

Seasoned white oak. . . 

Inch. 

Inch 

b 

Inches. 

4i 

3 

Seasoned white oak . 

9 

1 6 

16 

3 

1 

Seasoned white oak. 

b 

i 

4i 

2 

Yellow pine. 

f 

b 

4 

2 

White cedar (green) . . . . 

1 

b 

4 

2 


Hopes and Townsend give the force at which screws were drawn out of 
yellow pine as follows:* 


Size of Screw 

b in 

1 in 

f in. 

l in 

1 in. 

Depth in wood. 

Force in pounds. 

3i ins 
4,960 

4 ins. 
6,000 

4 ins 
7,685 

5 ins. 
11,500 

6 ins 
12,620 


* Kidder's Pocket Book, 

































































126 STRENGTH AND WEIGHT OF MATERIALS. 


WEIGHT, STRENGTH, ETC., OF STANDARD HOISTING ROPE 


Composed of Six Strands and a Hemp Centre, Nineteen Wires to the Strand 

Swedish Iron. 


Trade 

Number. 

Diameter 
in Inches. 

Approxi¬ 
mate 
Circum¬ 
ference in 
Inches. 

Weight 
per Foot 
in 

Pounds. 

Approxi¬ 
mate 
Breaking 
Strain in 
Tons of 
2000 
Pounds. 

Allowable 
Working 
Strain in 
Tons of 
2000 
Pounds. 

Minimum 
Size of 
Drum or 
Sheave 
in Feet. 


2* 

8f 

11.95 

114 

22.8 

16 


2* 

71 

9.85 

95 

18.9 

15 

i 

2t 

7} 

8.00 

78 

15.60 

13 

2 

2 

6t 

6.30 

62 

12.40 

12 

3 

n 

5f 

4.85 

48 

9.60 

10 

4 

n 

5 

4.15 

42 

8.40 

8* 

5 

if 

4f 

3.55 

36 

7.20 

7f 

5f 

if 

4t 

3.00 

31 

6.20 

7 

6 

it 

4 

2.45 

25 

5.00 

6* 

7 

if 

3f 

2.00 

21 

4.20 

6 

8 

i 

3 

1.58 

17 

3.40 

5i 

9 

f 

2* 

1.20 

13 

2.60 

4f 

10 

f 

2t 

0.89 

9.7 

1.94 

4 

lot 

f 

2 

0.62 

6.8 

1.36 

3f 

lot 

A 

If 

0.50 

5.5 

1.10 

2i 

10| 

f 

If 

0.39 

4.4 

0.88 

2f 

10a 

16 

H 

0.30 

3.4 

0.68 

2 

106 

f 

H 

0.22 

2.5 

0.50 

If 

10c 

5 

1 6 

1 

0.15 

1.7 

0.34 

1 

10c? 

t 

I 

0.10 

1.2 

0.24 

l 


Cast Steel. 



21 

8f 

11.95 

228 

45.6 

10 


2i 

7f 

9.85 

190 

37.9 

9f 

i 

2 1 

7} 

8.00 

156 

31.2 

8f 

2 

2 

6i 

6.30 

124 

24.8 

8 

3 

If 

5f 

4.85 

96 

19.2 

7i 

4 

If 

5 

4.15 

84 

16.8 

6i 

5 

If 

4f 

3.55 

72 

14.4 

5f 

5f 

If 

4t 

3.00 

62 

12.4 

54 

6 

It 

4 

2.45 

50 

10.0 

5“ 

7 

If 

3f 

2.00 

42 

8.40 

4f 

8 

1 

3 

1.58 

34 

6.80 

4 

9 

i 

2f 

1.20 

26 

5.20 

3f 

10 

i 

2t 

0.89 

19.4 

3.88 

3 

iut 

f 

2 

0.62 

13.6 

2.72 

2f 

lot 

16 

If 

0.50 

11.0 

2.20 

If 

101 

f 

If 

0.39 

8.8 

1.76 

If 

10a 

1 ? 6 

It 

0.30 

6.8 

1.36 

It 

106 

f 

If 

0.22 

5.0 

1.00 

1 

10c 

5 

16 

1 

0.15 

3.4 

0.68 

$ 

10 d 

t 

i 

0.10 

2.4 

0.48 

f 


v 



























STRENGTH AND WEIGHT OF MATERIALS. 127 


WEIGHT, STRENGTH, ETC., OF EXTRA STRONG CRUCIBLE 
CAST-STEEL ROPE. 

Composed of Six Strands and a Hemp Centre, Nineteen Wires to the Strand. 


Trade 

Number. 

Diameter 
in Inches. 

Approxi¬ 
mate 
Circum¬ 
ference in 
Inches. 

Weight 
per Foot 
in 

Pounds. 

Approxi¬ 
mate 
Breaking 
Strain in 
Tons of 
2000 
Pounds. 

Allowable 
Working 
Strain in 
Tons of 
2000 
Pounds. 

Minimum 
Size of 
Drum or 
Sheave 
in Feet. 


2 f 

8 f 

11.95 

266 

53 

10 


2 * 

7f 

9.85 

222 

45 

9f 

i 

21 

7f 

8.00 

182 

36.4 

8 f 

2 

2 


6.30 

144 

28.8 

8 

3 

If 

5f 

4.85 

112 

22.4 

71 

4 

If 

5 

4.15 

97 

19.4 

6 f 

5 

If 

4f 

3.55 

84 

16.8 

5f 

5* 

If 

4f 

3.00 

72 

14.4 

5f 

6 

11 

4 

2.45 

58 

11.6 

5 

7 

If 

3f 

2.00 

49 

9.80 

4f 

8 

1 

3 

1.58 

39 

7.80 

4 

9 

f 

2 f 

1.20 

30 

6.00 

3f 

10 

f 

2 f 

0.89 

22 

4.40 

3 

101 

5 

2 

0.62 

15.8 

3.16 

2 f 

lOf 

^9 

TS 

H 

0.50 

12.7 

2.54 

If 

10 f 

f 

If 

0.39 

10.1 

2.02 

If 

10 a 

7 

If 

0.30 

7.8 

1.56 

H 

10 b 

f 6 

If 

0.22 

5.78 

1.15 

1 

10 c 

A 

1 

0.15 

4.05 

Qfl 

f 

lOd 

f 

f 

0.10 

2.70 

0.54 

f 


Seven Wires to the Strand. 


11 

If 

4f 

3.55 

79 

15.8 

8 f 

12 

If 

4f 

3.00 

68 

13.6 

8 

13 

If 

4 

2.45 

56 

11.2 

7f 

14 

If 

3f 

2.00 

46 

9.20 

6 f 

15 

1 

3 

1.58 

37 

7.40 

5f 

16 


2 f 

1.20 

28 

5.60 

5 

17 

4 

2 f 

0.89 

21 

4.20 

4f 

18 

11 

2 f 

0.75 

18.4 

3.68 

4 

19 

4 

2 

0.62 

15.1 

3.02 

3f 

20 

9 

16 

If 

0.50 

12.3 

2.46 

3 

21 

\ 

If 

0.39 

9.70 

1.94 

2 f 

99 

7 

If 

0.30 

7.50 

1.50 

2 f 

9*3 

i 

If 

0.22 

5.58 

1.11 

2 

0/1 

% 

1 

0.15 

3.88 

0.77 

if 

25 

1 6 
_9_ 

32 

f 

0.125 

3.22 

0.64 

if 





























128 STRENGTH AND WEIGHT OF MATERIALS. 


WEIGHT, STRENGTH, ETC., OF COPPER, IRON, TINNED AND 
GALVANIZED SASH-CORDS. 


Composed of Six Strands and a Cotton Centre, Seven Wires to the Strand. 


Trade 

Number. 

Diameter 
in Inches. 

Weight per Foot in 
Pounds. 

Approximate Breaking Strain 
in Pounds. 

Iron. 

Copper. 

Iron. 

Bright 

Copper. 

Bright. 

Annealed. 

26 

i 

0.100 

0.115 

2200 

1600 

1265 

27 


0.076 

0.087 

1809 

1254 

1022 

27^ 

16 

0.056 

0.064 

1417 

947 

792 

28 

i 

0.025 

0.029 

790 

467 

435 

283 

32 

0.014 

0.016 

510 

280 

272 

29 

A 

0.006 

0.007 

262 

132 

140 


APPROXIMATE WEIGHT AND STRENGTH OF MANILA ROPE. 

Manikj,, Sisal, New Zealand, and Jute Ropes weigh (about) alike. Tarred 
Hemp Cordage will weigh (about) one-fourth more. Manila is about 25 
per pent stronger than Sisal. Working load about one-fourth of breaking 
strain. 


Circumfer¬ 
ence in 
Inches. 


Diameter 
in Inches. 


Weight of 
1000 Feet 
in Pounds. 


Number of 
Feet and * 
Inches in 
One Pound. 


Strength of 
New Manila 
Rope in 
Pounds. 


f 

1 

n 

li 

H 

H 

2 

21 

21 

2f 

3 
31 
31 
3f 

4 

41 

41 

4f 

5 

6 
6f 
61 

7 

71 

8 
81 
9 

93 

10 


\ 

23 

it 

33 

t 

42 

TS 

52 

\ 

74 

TS 

101 

f 

132 

f 

167 

ft 

207 

i 

250 

1 

297 

1A 

349 

li 

405 

H 

465 

ll6 

529 

If 

597 

1 1 6 

669 

n 

746 

if 

826 

if 

1000 


1190 

2 

1291 

2} 

1397 

21 

1620 

2f 

1860 

2% 

2116 

2f 

2388 

2* 

2673 

3 

2983 

3A 

3306 


Ft. 

50 

33 

25 

19 

11 

9 

7 

6 

5 

4 

3 

2 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 


Ins. 


6 

10 

4 
1 

10 

8 

5 

4 
2 

10 

91 

8* 

7 

61 

5* 

5 

4* 

4 

3f 


450 

780 

1,000 

1,230 

1,760 

2,400 

3,140 

3,970 

4.900 

5.900 
7,000 
8,200 
9,600 

11,000 

12.500 
14,000 
15,800 
17,600 

19.500 

23.700 
23,000 
33,000 
38,000 
44,000 
50,000 
60,000 
63,000 

67.700 
70,000 
78,000 






























STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. 


129 


STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. 

"Ultimate resistance to tension, in pounds per square inch. 

METALS AND ALLOYS. 

Aluminum bronze: Average. 

10 per cent A1 and 90 per cent copper. 85,000 

H “ “ “ 98£ “ “ ... 28,000 

Brass, cast. 18,000 

Brass wire. 49,000 

Bronze or gun metal. 36,000 

Copper, cast. 19,000 

Copper, sheet. 30,000 

Copper, bolts. 36,000 

Copper wire (unannealed). 60,000 

Iron, cast, 13,400 to 29,000. 16,500 

Iron wire, black or annealed. 56,000 

Iron wire, bright, hard drawn. 78,400 

Lead, sheet. 3,300 

Steel. 45,000 to 120,000 

Steel aluminum, 2£ per cent aluminum. 70,000 

Steel copper, 35 per cent copper. 60,000 

Steel nickel, 3i per cent nickel. 86,000 

Steel cast, wire Bessemer. 2,896,000 

Steel cast, wire high carbon. 179,200 

Steel cast, wire mild O. H. 134,000 

The modulus of elasticity of steel from recent tests is from 
27,000,000 to 31,000,000. Average, 29,000,000. 

Tin, cast. 4,600 

. . 7,000 to 8,000 


STONE, NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL. 

Brick and cement.. 

Glass. 

Slate. 

Mortar, ordinary lime. 


.. 280 to 300 
.. • 2,560 

2,400 to 4,600 
10 to 20 


ULTIMATE RESISTANCE TO COMPRESSION. 

Metals. 


Brass, cast 
Iron, ‘ 1 

Steel. .... 


. 10,300 

85,000 to 125,000 
45,000 to 120,000 































130 


STRENGTH OF MATERIALS. 


STONE, NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL. 

Average. 

Brick, weak. 550 to 800 

“ strong. 1,100 

11 fire. 1,700 

Brickwork, ordinary, in cement. 300 to 600 

“ best. 1,000 

Glass. 30,000 

Granite. 5,000 to 18,000 

Limestone. 4,000 to 16,000 

Marble. 4,000 to 18,000 

Sandstone, ordinary. 2,500 to 10,000 

ULTIMATE RESISTANCE TO SHEARING. 

Metals. 

Iron, cast. 25,000 

Steel. 50,000 

MODULI OF ELASTICITY. 

Metals. 

Iron (cast). 12,000,000 

Iron (wrought shapes). 27,000,000 

Iron (rerolled bars). 26,000,000 

Steel (casting). 30,000,000 

Steel (structural). 29,000,000 



















STRENGTH AND WEIGHT OF MATERIALS. 131 


WORKING STRENGTH OF VARIOUS BUILDING 
MATERIALS * 

Compression (Direct). 


STEEL AND IRON. 


The safe carrying capacity of various building materials 
(except in case of columns) are as follows; the strength given 
being the working strength in pounds per square inch of section. 


Rolled steel.:. 16,000 

Cast steel. . . 16,000 

Wrought iron. . . 12,000 

Cast iron (in short blocks). 16,000 

Steel ribs and rivets (bearing). 20,000 

Wrought-iron pins and rivets (bearing),. 15,000 

TIMBER. 

With Across 

Grain Grain 

Oak. 900 800 

Yellow pine. 1000 600 

White pine. 800 400 

Spruce. 800 400 

Locust. 1200 1000 

Chestnut. ... 500 1000 

Hemlock. 500 500 


CONCRETE. 

Concrete (Portland) cement, 1; sand, 2; stone, 4. 230 

Concrete (Portland) cement, 1; sand, 2; stone, 5. 208 

Concrete (Rosendale), or equal, cement, 1; sand, 2; stone, 4-125 
Concrete (Rosendale, or equal), cement, 1; sand, 2; stone, 5-111 
STONEWORK 

Rubble stonework in Portland cement-mortar.. 140 

Rubble stonework in Rosendale cement-mortar. Ill 

Rubble stonework in lime- and cement-mortar .. 97 

Rubble stonework in lime-mortar .. 70 

BRICKWORK. 

Brickwork in Portland cement-mortar; cement, 1; sand, 3 250 


Brickwork in Rosendale, or equal, cement-mortar, cement, 

1; sand 3....... ^08 

Brickwork in lime- and cement-mortar; cement, 1; lime, 1; 

sand, 6... 

Brickwork in lime-mortar; lime, 1; sand, 4. . 111 

* The stresses given in these tables are those recommended by the 
National Board of Fire Underwriters. 



























132 STRENGTH AND WEIGHT OF MATERIALS. 


GRANITES, STONE, ETC. 

Granites (according to test). 1000 to 2400 

Gneiss stone. 1200 

Limestones (according to test). 700 to 2300 

Marbles (according to test). 600 to 1200 

Sandstones (according to test). 400 to 1600 

Bluestone. 2000 

Brick (hard-burned, flatwise) . 300 

Slate.*.. 1000 

Safe Extreme Fibre Stress (Bending) of Various Materials 
in Pounds per Square Inch of Section. 

Rolled-steel beams. . . . 16,000 

Rolled-steel pins, rivets, and bolts. 20,000 

Riveted-steel beams (net flange section) . 14,000 

Rolled wrought-iron beams ... 12,000 

Rolled wrought-iron pins, rivets, and bolts. 15,000 

Riveted wrought-iron beams (net flange section). 12,000 

Cast-iron compression side.. 16 000 

Cast-iron tension side . 3 000 

Yellow pine . 12,000 

White pine . 800 

S P ruce - . . 800 

0ak * .. 1,000 

Locust - .. 12,000 

Hemlock . 000 

Chestnut . 800 

Granite . 180 

Gneiss . 150 

Limestone. . .. 150 

Slate. 400 

Marble . 12 q 

Sandstone. . . 10 q 

Bluestone. 30 Q 

Concrete (Portland) cement, 1; sand, 2; stone, 4. 30 

Concrete (Portland) cement, 1; sand, 2; stone, 5. 20 

Concrete (Rosendale or equal) cement, 1; sand, 2; stone, 4 16 

Concrete (Rosendale or equal) cement, 1; sand, 2; stone, 5 10 

Brick (hard-burned) . 50 

Brickwork (in cement) . 30 




































STRENGTH AND WEIGHT OF MATERIALS. 133 


Tensile Working Strength of Various Materials In 
Pounds per Square Inch of Section. 


Rolled steel. 16,000 

Cast steel. 16,000 

Wrought iron. 12,000 

Cast iron. , . 3 000 

Yellow pine. 1,200 

White pine. 800 

Spruce. 800 

Oak. 1,000 

Hemlock.-.... 600 


Shear Working Strength of Various Materials In 
Pounds per Square Inch of Section. 


Steel web-plates. 9,000 

Steel shop-rivets and pins. .. 10,000 

Steel field-rivets. 8,000 

Steel field-bolts. 7,000 

Wrought-iron web-plates. 6,000 

Wrought-iron shop-rivets and pins. 7,500 

Wrought-iron field-rivets. 6,000 

Wrought-iron field-bolts. 5,500 

Cast iron. 3,000 



With 

Across 


Fibre. 

Fibre. 

Yellow pine. 

. 70 

500 

White pine. 

. 40 

250 

Spruce. 

. 50 

320 

Oak. 

. 100 

600 

Locust. 

. 100 

720 

Hemlock. 

. 40 

275 

Chestnut. 

. 40 

150 


Working Strength of Masonry. 

The safe load for brickwork is 

Eight tons per superficial foot when lime-mortar is used. 
Eleven and one half tons per superficial foot when lime- and 
cement-mortar, mixed, are used. 

Fifteen tons per superficial foot when cement-mortar is used 



























134 STRENGTH AND WEIGHT OF MATERIALS, 


RUBBLE STONEWORK. 

The safe load for rubble stonework is 

Ten tons per superficial foot when Portland cement is used. 
Eight tons per superficial foot when natural cement is used. 
Seven tons per superficial foot when lime- and cement- 
mortar, mixed, are used. 

Five tons per superficial foot when lime-mortar is used. 

CONCRETE. 

The safe load for concrete is 

Fifteen tons per superficial foot when Portland cement is used. 
Eight tons per superficial foot when natural cement is used. 
The above strength is for concrete, mixed, 1-3-5. 

WORKING STRENGTH OF COLUMNS IN POUNDS PER SQUARE 
INCH OF SECTION. 

Recommended by the National Board of Fire Underwriters. 


Working Stress per Square Inch of 
Section. 


When the Length Divided by Least 


Radius of Gyration equals 

Cast Iron. 

Steel. 

Wrought 

Iron. 

120. 


8,240 

4,400 

110. 


8,820 

5,200 

100. 


9,400 

6,000 

90. 


9,980 

6,800 

80. 


10,560 

7,600 

70. 

'9,'200 

11,104 

8,400 

60. 

9,500 

11,720 

9,200 

50,. 

9,800 

12,300 

10,000 

40.. 

10,100 

12,880 

10,800 

30. . .. 

10,400 

13,460 

11,600 

20. 

10,700 

14,040 

12,400 

10. 

11,000 

14,620 

13,200 


And in like proportion for intermediate ratios. 


Working Stress per Square Inch of 
Section. 


When the Length Divided by the 
Least Diameter equals 


30. . 

25. . 

20 . . 
15 

12 . 

10 . . . 


Long-leaf 

Yellow 

Pine. 

White Pine, 
Norway 
Pine, 
Spruce. 

Oak, 

460 

350 

390 

550 

425 

475 

640 

500 

560 

730 

575 

645 

784 

620 

696 

820 

650 

730 


And in like proportion for intermediate ratios. Five-eighth the values 
given for white pine shall also apply to chestnut and hemlock posts, 
ror locust posts use one and one-half the value given for white pine. 












































CAPACITY OF TANKS AND CISTERNS. 135 


NUMBER OF GALLONS IN ROUND CISTERNS AND TANKS. 


Diameter in Feet. 


in 

Feet, 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

5 

735 

1,060 

1,440 

1,875 

2,380 

2,925 

3,550 

4,237 

6 

881 

1,270 

1,728 

2,250 

2,855 

3,510 

4,260 

5,084 

7 

1,028 

1,480 

2,016 

2,625 

3,330 

4,095 

4,970 

5,931 

8 

1,175 

1,690 

2,304 

3,000 

3,805 

4,680 

5,680 

6,778 

9 

1,322 

1,900 

2,592 

3,375 

4,280 

5,265 

6,390 

7,625 

10 

1,469 

2,110 

2,880 

3,750 

4,755 

5,850 

7,100 

8,472 

11 

1,616 

2,320 

3,168 

4,125 

5,250 

6,435 

7,810 

9,319 

12 

1,762 

2,530 

3,456 

4,500 

5,705 

7,020 

8,520 

10,166 

13 

1,909 

2,740 

3,744 

4,875 

6,180 

7,605 

9,230 

11,013 

14 

2,056 

2,950 

4,032 

5,250 

6,655 

8,190 

9,940 

11,860 

15 

2,203 

3,160 

4,320 

5,625 

7,130 

8,775 

10,650 

12,707 

16 

2,356 

3,370 

4,608 

6,000 

7,605 

9,360 

11,360 

13,554 

17 

2,497 

3,580 

4,896 

6,375 

8,080 

9,945 

12,070 

14,401 

18 

2,644 

3,790 

5,184 

6,750 

8,535 

10,530 

12,780 

15,248 

19 

2,791 

4,000 

5,472 

7,125 

9,010 

11,115 

13,490 

16,095 

20 

2,938 

4,210 

5,760 

7,500 

9,490 

11,700 

14,200 

16,942 


Diameter in Feet. 


in 









Feet. 

13 

14 

15 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

5 

4,960 

5,765 

6,698 

7,520 

9,516 

11,750 

14,215 

16,918 

6 

5,952 

6,918 

8,038 

9,024 

11,419 

14,100 

17,059 

20,302 

7 

6,944 

8,071 

9,378 

10,528 

13,322 

16,450 

19,902 

23,680 

8 

7,936 

9,224 

10,718 

12,032 

15,225 

18,800 

22,745 

27,070 

9 

8,928 

10,377 

12,058 

13,536 

17,128 

21,150 

25,588 

30,454 

10 

9,920 

11,530 

13,398 

15,040 

19,031 

23,500 

28,431 

33,838 

11 

10,913 

12,683 

14,738 

16,544 

20,934 

25,850 

31,274 

37,222 

12 

11,904 

13,836 

16,078 

18.048 

22,837 

28,200 

34,117 

40,606 

13 

12,896 

14,989 

17,418 

19,552 

24,740 

30,550 

36,960 

43,990 

14 

13,888 

16,142 

18,758 

21,056 

26,643 

32,900 

39,803 

47,374 

15 

14,880 

17,295 

20,098 

22,260 

28,546 

35,250 

42,646 

50,758 

16 

15,872 

18,448 

21,438 

26,064 

30,449 

37,600 

45,489 

54,142 

17 

16,864 

19,601 

22,778 

25,568 

32,352 

39,950 

48,332 

57 520 

18 

17,856 

20,754 

24,118 

27,072 

34,255 

42,300 

51,175 

60,910 

19 

18,848 

21,907 

25,458 

28,576 

36,158 

44,650 

54,018 

64,294 

20 

19,840 

23,060 

26,798 

30,080 

38,062 

47,000 

56,861 

67,678 


To find the number of gallons in a tank of unequal diameter multiply 
the inside bottom diameter in inches by the inside top diameter in inches, 
then this product by 34: point off four figures and the result will be the 
average number of gallons to one inch in depth of the tank. 




































136 CAPACITY OP TANKS AND CISTERNS. 


NUMBER OF U. S. GALLONS IN RECTANGULAR TANKS. 
For One Foot in Depth. 


j Width in 
| Feet. 

Length of Tank in Feet. 

2 

2.5 

3 

3.5 

4 

4.5 

5 

5.5 

6 

6.5 

7 

2 

2.5 
3 

3 5 

4 

4.5 

5 

5.5 

6 

6.5 

7 

29.92 

37.40 

46.75 

44.88 

56.10 

67,32 

52.36 

65.45 

78.54 

91.64 

59.84 

74.80 

89.77 

104.73 

119,69 

67.32 

84.16 

100.99 

117.82 

134.65 

151.48 

74.81 

93.51 

112.21 

130.91 

149.61 

168.31 

187(01 

82.29 

102.86 

123.43 

144.00 

164.57 

185.14 

205,71 

226.28 

89.77 

112.21 

134.65 

157.09 

179.53 

201.97 

224.41 

246.86 

269.30 

97.25 
121.56 
145.87 
170.18 
194.49 
218.80 
243.11 
277.43 
291 74 
316.05 

104.73 

130.91 

157.09 

183.27 

209.45 

235.63 

261.82 

288.00 

314.18 

340.36 

366.54 

























































Length of Tank in Feet. 


5 ® 

cu 


£ 


7.5 


2 

2.5 

3 

3.5 

4 

4.5 

5 

5.5 

6 

6.5 

7 

7.5 

8 

8.5 
9 

9 5 
10 

10.5 
11 

11.5 
12 


112.21 

140.26 

168.31 

196.36 

224.41 

252.47 

280.52 

308.57 

336.62 

364.67 

392.72 

420.78 


8 

119.69 

149.61 

179.53 

209.45 

239.37 

269.30 

299.22 

329.14 

359.06 

388.98 

418.91 

448.83 

478.75 


8.5 


9.5 


127.17 

158.96 

190.75 

222,54 

254.34 

286.13 

317.92 

349.71 

381.50 

413.30 

445.09 

476.88 

508.67 

540.46 


134.65 

168.31 

202.97 

235.63 

269.30 

302.96 

336.62 

370.28 

403.94 

437.60 

471.27 

504.93 

538.59 

572.25 

605.92 


142.13 

177.66 

213.19 

248.73 

284.26 

319.79 

355,32 

390.85 

426.39 

461.92 

497.45 

532.98 

568.51 

604.05 

639.58 

675.11 


10 


149.61 
187.01 
224.41 
261.82 

299.22 

336.62 
374.03 

411.43 

448.83 

486.23 

523.64 
561.04 

598.44 

635.84 
673.25 

710.65 
748.05 


10.5 

157.09 

196.36 

235.63 

274.90 
314.18 

353.45 

392.72 
432.00 
471.27 
510.54 
549.81 
589.08 

628.36 

667.63 

706.90 
746.17 

785.45 

824.73 


11 


164.57 

205.71 
246.86 
288.00 

329.14 

370.28 
411.43 

452.57 

493.71 

534.85 
575.99 

617.14 

658.28 
699.42 
740.56 

781.71 

822.86 
864.00 

905.14 


115 


172.05 

215.06 

258.07 

301.09 

344.10 

387.11 

430.13 

473.14 

516.15 

559.16 
602.18 

645.19 

688.20 
731.21 

774.23 

817.24 
860.26 

903.26 

946.27 
989.29 


12 


179.53 

224.41 

269.30 

314.18 

359.06 

403.94 

448.83 

493.71 

538.59 

583.47 

628.36 

673.24 

718.12 

763.00 

807.89 

852.77 

897.66 

942.56 

987.43 

1032.3 

1077.2 


Example— To find number of gallons in a rectangular tank that is 
7.5 feet by 10 feet, the water being 4 feet deep. Look in extreme left-hand 
column for 7.5, and opposite to this in column headed 10 read 56104 
which being multiplied by 4, the depth of water in the tank, gives 2244.2’ 
the number of gallons required. 


WEIGHT 

OF ROUGH GLASS 

PER 

SQUARE 

FOOT. 

Thickness, inches. 

. i A 

i 

1 i 

4 3 

Weight, pounds. . 


3 * 

9 2 

5 7 

S 4 

8i U 



































































MISCELLANEOUS TABLES. 


137 


MISCELLANEOUS DATA. 

FORCE OF THE WIND. 


Description. 


Hardly perceptible. 

Just perceptible.-j 

Gentle breeze. -j 

Pleasant breeze.j 

Brisk gale. 

High wind. -j 

Very high wind. -j 

Storm. 

Great storm. -j 

Hurricane or cyclone. -j 


Miles 

per 

Hour. 

Feet per 
Minute. 

Feet per 
Second. 

Force in 
Pounds per 
Sq. Foot. 

1 

88 

1.47 

0.005 

2 

176 

2.93 

0.02 

3 

264 

4.4 

0.044 

4 

352 

5.87 

0.079 

5 

440 

7.33 

0.123 

10 

880 

14.67 

0.492 

15 

1320 

22 

1.107 

20 

1760 

29.3 

1.968 

25 

2200 

36.6 

3.075 

30 

2640 

44 

4.428 

35 

3080 

51.3 

6.027 

40 

3220 

58.6 

7.872 

45 

3960 

66 

9.963 

50 

4400 

73.3 

12.300 

60 

5280 

88 

17.712 

70 

6160 

102 

24.108 

80 

7040 

117.3 

31.488 

100 

8800 

146.6 

49.200 


MELTING-POINTS OF METALS. 


Metals. 

Centi¬ 

grade, 

Degrees. 

Fahren¬ 

heit, 

Degrees. 

Metals. 

Centi¬ 

grade, 

Degrees. 

Fahren¬ 

heit, 

Degrees. 

Aluminum. 

Antimony. 

Arsenic. 

Bismuth. 

Cadmium. 

Cobalt. 

Copper. . .. 

Gold. 

Indium. 

Iron, wrought. .. 
Iron, cast. 

700 

425 

185 

264 

320 

1200 

1091 

1381 

176 

1500 

1200 

1292 

797 

365 

507 

608 

2192 

1995 

2485 

348 

2786 

2192 

Lead. 

Magnesium. 

Mercury. 

Nickel. 

Potassium. 

Platinum. 

Silver. 

Steel. 

Sodium. 

Tin. 

Zinc. 

334 

235 

40 

1600 

62 

2600 

1040 

1400 

96 

235 

412 

617 

455 

40 

2912 

143 

4712 

1944 

2552 

173 

455 

774 


COLOR OF HOT METALS AND TEMPERATURE AT 
CERTAIN COLORS. 


Corresponds to 


Incipient red heat. . 

Dull red. 

Incipient cherry-red, 

Cherry-red. 

Clear cherry-red. . . . 

Deep orange. 

Clear orange. 

White. .. .. 

Bright white. 

Dazzling white. 


Color. 


Centigrade, Fahrenheit, 
Degrees. Degrees. 


525 

977 

700 

1292 

800 

1472 

900 

1652 

1000 

1832 

1100 

2012 

1200 

2192 

1300 

2372 

1400 

2552 

1500 

2732 







































































138 


MISCELLANEOUS TABLES. 


To find the weight of metal objects: Measure the number of 
cubic inches contained in the piece and multiply by 0.2816 for 
wrought iron, 0.2607 for cast iron, 0.32418 for copper, 0.41015 
for lead, 0.3112 for brass, and the answer will be the number of 
pounds in the piece. 


MOULDERS AND PATTERN-MAKERS’ TABLE. 


White Pine being 1. 

Cast Iron being 1. 

Bar Iron being 1. 

Cast iron. . . 

...13 

Bar iron. .. 

. 1.07 

Cast iron. ... 

... .95 

Copper. 

... 13.4 

Steel. 

. 1.08 

Steel. 

... 1.03 

Brass. 

... 12.7 

Brass. 

. 1.16 

Copper. 

... 1.16 

Lead. 

... 18.1 

Copper. . . 

. 1.21 

Brass. 

... 1.09 

Steel.. 

...14 

Lead. 

.1.55 

Lead. 

... 1.48 


SHRINKAGE IN CASTINGS. 


Pattern-makers’ rule. 


Aluminum. 


Cast iron. 

.... £ 

“ 

it it 

Brass. 


a 

a a 

Copper. 


it 

<t a 

Lead. 


it 

a u 

Steel. 

.... i 

a 

a a 

Tin. 


a 

a a 

Zinc. 


it 

a a 


Reduction for Round Cores and Core-prints. — Rule .— 
Multiply the square of the diameter by the length of the 
core in inches and the product multiplied by 0.017 is the 
weight of the pine core to be deducted from the weight of the 
pattern 































•Q-Q OidCiCiCi OtOiOiOiOi W WWW CO iOMtCNM Length 


WINDOW GLASS—MEASUREMENT 


139 


GLASS MEASUREMENT. 

A Table giving the Number of Square Feet in Glass of Given 

Dimensions. 


Width of Glass. 


6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

12 

14 

16 

18 

20 

22 

24 

0% 

1 

1M 2 

134 

1%2 

14 

14i2 

24 

24 

24 



0M4 2 

IM2 

U4 

Hi 2 

14 

1% 

24 

242 

2 % 

342 

34 


1 

IVe 

14 

134 

14 

2 

24 

24 

3 

34 

34 

4 

\\'\2 

14 

1%2 

14 

1% 

24 

24 

2142 

34 

34 2 

4 

44 

IVe 

134 

1U2 

134 

lHi 2 

24 

m 

342 

34 

3142 

44 

4 2 4 

14 

14 

14 

lUi 2 

21/12 

24 

214 2 

34 

34 

■44 

442 

5 

m 

u/12 

1 4 

2 

24 

m 

342 

342 

4 

442 

4142 

54 

Hi 2 

14 

1W12 

2i/« 

24 

2 % 

34 

34 

44 

44 

54 

5 2 4 

m 

m 

2 

24 

24 

3 

34 

4 

44 

5 

54 

6 

Hi 2 

1% 

2M2 

25/12 

24 

34 

3 H 

44 

44 

54 

5% 

64 

14 

UV12 

24 

24 

24 

34 

3Hi 2 

4 5 /i2 

5 

54 2 

642 

64 

m 

2Vi2 

234 

24 

21M2 

34 

442 

44 

54 

5% 

65/i 2 

7 

i% 

2y 6 

2 5 /l2 

24 

31/12 

34 

44 

4142 

54 

6-42 

64 

74 

\ l Vl 2 

24 

2 Vi 2 

211^2 

34 

3% 

44 

542 

54 

64 2 

7 

74 

2 

24 

24 

3 

34 

4 

44 

54 

6 

64 

74 

8 

2Vi2 

2-/12 

214 

31/e 

34 

44 

1% 

542 

64 

6142 

7 2 4 

84 

2Yh 

2V 2 

2W12 

34 

31/12 

44 

54 2 

5 4 

64 

714 

7142 

84 

2% 

2V 3 

3 

3 5 /i 2 

3 3 4 

44 

54 

6 

64 

74 

84 

9 

24 

24 

31/12 

34 

31U2 

44 

55/12 

64 

7 

74 

842 

94 

2Yi2 

2% 

334 

34" 

4 

4 % 

54 

6 5 /l2 

74 

842 

8% 

94 

24 

21M2 

314 

3R 

44 

5 

55/6 

64 

74 

84 

94 

10 

2Vl2 

3 

35/i2 

3Hi 2 

44 

54 

6 

611/12 

74 

84 2 

94 

104 

24 

34 2 

31/12 

4 

45/12 

54 

64 

71/12 

8 

8142 

94 

104 

2'i 

3 4 

3 2 4 

14 

41/12 

54 

65/12 

74 

84 

94 

1042 

11 

2 % 

314. 

314 

434 

m 

5 2 4 

642 

742 

84 

95/12 

105/12 

114 

211/12 

3% 2 

3Hi 2 

Hi 2 

4 % 

5% 

6 % 

7 H 

84 

94 

10 2 A 

114 

3 

34 

4 

44 

5 

6 

7 

S 

9 

10 

11 

12 


LARGEST SIZES OF SHEET GLASS MADE. 


Weight, of Glass 
per Square Foot 
in Ounces. 

Length of Glass 
in Inches. 

Width of Glass 
in Inches. 

Area in Square 
Feet. 

15 

55 

38 

13 

21 

85 

49 

22 

26 

85 

49 

22 

32 

85 

49 

22 

36 

70 

44 

19 

42 

70 

44 

19 


































1I.J 

90 

75 

73 

67 

62 

57 

53 

50 

45 

60 

55 

52 

48 

45 

43 

40 

36 

33 

30 

28 

26 

24 

47 

41 

37 

33 

43 

40 

38 

34 

30 

27 

25 

23 

22 

20 

19 

18 

17 

16 

15 

40 

37 

35 

33 


34 

36 

38 

40 

42 

44 

48 

50 

52 

54 

56 

64 

70 

72 

74 

76 

80 

24 

26 

28 

30 

32 

34 

36 

38 

40 

42 

44 

48 

50 

52 

54 

58 

60 

62 

64 

63 

70 

72 

26 

28 


WINDOW GLASS—LIGHTS PER BOX. 


NUMBER OF LIGHTS OF GLASS PER BOX. 



No. 


No. 


Sizes. 

Lights 

Sizes. 

Lights 

Sizes. 


to Box. 


to Box. 


6 X8 

31 

13X18 

10 

15X46 

7X9 

28 

20 

10 

50 

8 X 10 

25 

22 

25 

16X18 

12 

23 

24 

23 

20 

9X11 

21 

26 

21 

22 

12 

20 

28 

19 

24 

13 

19 

30 

17 

26 

14 

17 

32 

16 

28 

15 

16 

34 

15 

30 

16 

34 

14X15 

14 

32 

18 

32 

16 

13 

34 

10X12 

31 

17 

13 

36 

13 

•29 

18 

12 

38 

14 

26 

20 

11 

40 

15 

24 

22 

11 

42 

16 

22 

24 

10 

44 

17 

20 

26 

10 

46 

18 

19 

28 

9 

48 

20 

17 

30 

9 

52 

22 

16 

32 

8 

54 

24 

15 

34 

8 

60 

26 

14 

36 

7 . 

62 

28 

14 

38 

7 

68 

30 

13 

40 

6 

70 

11X14 

12 

42 

6 

74 

16 

12 

44 

20 

18X20 

18 

11 

46 

18 

22 

20 

11 

48 

17 

24 

12X14 

10 

50 

16 

26 

15 

10 

52 

14 

28 

16 

10 

54 

14 

30 

18 

9 

56 

13 

32 

20 

30 

15X16 

12 

34 

22 

27 

18 

11 

36 

24 

24 

20 

11 

38 

26 

22 

22 

10 

40 

28 

20 

24 

10 

42 

30 

19 

26 

9 

44 

32 

17 

28 

9 

46 

34 

16 

30 

8 

48 

36 

15 

32 

8 

52 

38 

14 

34 

7 

54 

40 

13 

36 

7 

60 

13X14 

13 

38 

6 

62 

15 

12 

40 

6 

66 

16 

11 

42 

6 

68 

17 

11 

44 

6 

72 

















WINDOW GLASS—LIGHTS PER BOX 


141 


NUMBER OF LIGHTS OF GLASS PER BOX— {Continued). 


No. 
Lights 
to Box. 

Sizes. 

No. 
Lights 
to Box. 

Sizes. 

No. 
Lights 
to Box. 

Sizes. 

No. 
Lights 
to Box. 

Sizes. 

10 

24X30 

6 

28X44 

4 

32X54 

4 

38X52 

10 

32 

6 

46 

4 

58 

4 

54 

9 

34 

5 

48 

4 

60 

3 

56 

9 

36 

5 

52 

4 

62 

3 

58 

8 

38 

5 

54 

4 

64 

3 

62 

8 

40 

5 

56 

3 

66 

3 

64 

7 

42 

4 

58 

3 

68 

3 

66 

7 

46 

4 

62 

3 

70 

3 

68 

6 

48 

4 

64 

3 

72 

3 

72 

6 

52 

4 

66 

3 

78 

4 

40X44 

6 

54 

4 

68 

6 

34X36 

4 

46 

5 

56 

4 

72 

6 

58 

4 

50 

5 

60 

3 

74 

6 

40 

3 

52 

5 

62 

3 

76 

5 

42 

3 

54 

5 

66 

3 

80 

5 

46 

3 

56 

4 

68 

3 

82 

5 

48 

3 

60 

4 

70 

8 

30X30 

4 

50 

3 

64 

4 

72 

7 

32 

4 

52 

3 

66 

4 

76 

7 

34 

4 

56 

3 

70 

10 

26X28 

7 

38 

4 

58 

4 

42X44 

9 

30 

6 

40 

4 

60 

4 

48 

9 

32 

6 

42 

3 

62 

3 

50 

8 

34 

6 

44 

3 

66 

3 

52 

8 

36 

5 

46 

3 

68 

3 

54 

7 

38 

5 

50 

3 

70 

3 

58 

7 

42 

5 

52 

3 

72 

3 

60 

6 

44 

4 

54 

3 

76 

3 

62 

6 

46 

4 

56 

6 

36X36 

3 

68 

6 

50 

4 

60 

5 

38 

4 

44X46 

5 

52 

4 

62 

5 

44 

3 

50 

5 

54 

4 

64 

4 

46 

3 

52 

5 

58 

4 

66 

4 

48 

3 

56 

5 

60 

4 

68 

4 

50 

3 

60 

4 

62 

3 

70 

4 

54 

3 

66 

4 

64 

3 

72 

4 

56 

3 

46X54 

4 

66 

3 

74 

3 

5§ 

3 

58 

4 

68 

3 

78 

3 

60 

3 

64 

4 

70 

3 

80 

3 

64 

3 

48X52 

4 

74 

7 

32X34 

3 

66 

3 

58 

4 

76 

6 

36 

3 

68 

3 

62 

4 

78 

6 

38 

3 

70 

3 

50X54 

9 

28 X 30 

6 

40 

3 

74 

3 

60 

8 

32 

6 

42 

5 

38X40 



8 

34 

5 

44 

5 

42 



7 

36 

5 

48 

4 

44 



7 

40 

5 

50 

4 

46 



6 

42 

4 

52 

4 

48 










































142 


AREA OF CIRCLES. 


TABLE GIVING AREA OF CIRCLES (IN SQUARE FEET). 


D. 

0 

in. 

1 in. 

2 in. 

3 in. 

4 in. 

5 in. 


Ft. 













1 



.7854 


.922 

1 

.07 

1 

.23 

1 

.40 

1 

.58 

2 


3 

14 

3 

.41 

3 

.69 

3 

98 

4 

.28 

4 

.59 

3 . 


7 

07 

7 

.47 

7 

88 

8 

.30 

8 

.73 

9 

17 

4. 


12 

58 

13 

10 

13 

64 

14 

19 

14 

75 

15 

.32 

5 


19 

64 

20 

39 

20 

97 

21 

65 

22 

34 

23 

.04 

6 . 


23 

27 

29 

.06 

29 

87 

30 

68 

31 

50 

32 

34 

7 


38 

48 

39 

.41 

40 

34 

41 

28 

42 

24 

43 

20 

8 


50 

27 

51 

32 

52 

37 

53 

46 

54 

54 

65 

64 

9 


63 

62 

64 

80 

66 

00 

67 

20 

68 

42 

69 

64 

10. 


78 

54 

79 

85 

81 

18 

82 

52 

83 

86 

85 

22 

11 


95 

03 

96 

48 

97 

93 

99 

40 

100 

88 

102 

37 

12. 


113 

10 

114 

67 

116 

26 

117 

86 

119 

47 

121 

09 

13 . 


132 

73 

134 

44 

136 

16 

137 

89 

139 

63 

141 

38 

14. 


153 

94 

155 

78 

157 

63 

159 

49 

161 

36 

163 

24 

15 . 


176 

72 

178 

68 

180 

66 

182 

65 

184 

66 

186 

67 

16. 


201 

06 

203 

16 

205 

27 

207 

39 

209 

53 

211 

67 

17 


226 

98 

229 

21 

231 

45 

233 

71 

235 

97 

238 

24 

18. 


254 

47 

256 

83 

259 

20 

261 

59 

263 

98 

266 

39 

19 


233 

53 

236 

06 

238 

52 

291 

04 

293 

56 

296 

11 

20 . 


314 

16 

316 

78 

319 

42 

322 

06 

324 

72 

327 

39 

D. 

6 

in 

7 in. 

8 in 

9 in. 

10 

n. 

11 

in. 


Ft. 













1 . 


1 

77 

1 

97 

2 

18 

2 

41 

2 

64 

2 

89 

2 


4 

91 

5 

21 

5 

59 

5 

94 

6 

30 

6 

68 

3. 


9 

62 

10 

OS 

10 

56 

11 

04 

11 

54 

12 

05 

4. 


15 

90 

16 

50 

17 

10 

17 

72 

18 

35 

18 

99 

5 


23 

76 

24 

48 

25 

22 

25 

97 

26 

73 

27 

49 

6 


33 

18 

34 

04 

34. 

91 

35 

78 

36 

67 

37 

57 

7 . 


44 

18 

45 

17 

46 

16 

47 

17 

48 

19 

49 

22 

8 . 


56 

75 

57 

86 

58 

99 

60 

13 

61 

28 

62 

44 

9 . 


70 

88 

72 

13 

73 

39 

74 

66 

75 

94 

77 

24 

10 


86 

59 

87 

97 

89 

36 

90 

76 

92. 

17 

93 

60 

11 


103 

87 

105 

38 

106 

90 

108 

43 

109 

98 

111 

53 

12 


122 

72 

124 

36 

126 

01 

127 

68 

129 

35 

131. 

04 

13 


143 

14 

144 

91 

146 

69 

148 

49 

150 

29 

152. 

11 

14 


165 

13 

167 

03 

168. 

95 

170. 

87 

172. 

81 

174. 

76 

15 . 


188 

69 

190 

73 

192. 

77 

194 

83 

196. 

89 

198 

97 

16 


213 

83 

215 

99 

218 

17 

220. 

35 

222. 

55 

224 

76 

17 


240 

53 

2 A 2 

82 

245 

13 

247 

45 

249. 

78 

252 

12 

18 . 


268 

80 

271 

23 

273. 

67 

276 

12 

278 

58 

281 

05 

19 


298. 

64 

301 

21 

303 

77 

306. 

36 

308 

94 

311 

55 

20 


330. 

06 

332 

75 

335. 

45 

338 

16 

340. 

88 

343 

62 


































































SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF VARIOUS SUBSTANCES. 143 


WEIGHT OF VARIOUS MATERIALS AS COMPARED WITH 
WATER WEIGHING 62.5 LBS. 


Names of Substances. 

Specific 

Gravity. 

», ( cast. 

2.60 

Aluminum j hammered . 
Amber. 

2.75 

1.08 

Anthracite. 

1.40-1.70 

Asphaltum.. 

1.10-1.20 

t-> i cast. 

8.40-8.70 

Brass -j rolled . 

8.57 

Brick, common, hard. .. 
Cement, ground, loose. . 
Charcoal. 

1.53-2.30 
1.85 
0.44 

Cherry, dry. 

0.76-0.84 

Clav. drv. 

1.80-2.60 

Coal, bituminous. 

Coke, loose. 

1.20-1.50 

0.55 

Concrete. 

2.47 


8.79 

C °PP er 1 rolled. 

8.78-9.00 

Diamond. 

3.52 

Earth, humus. 

Glass, common window. 
Gneiss, common. 

1.30-1.80 
2.64 
2.40-2.70 

1 cast, pure, or 24 
Gold-s carat. 

19.28 

/ pure, hammered. 
Granite . 

19.33 
2.50-3.00 

Gypsum, cast, dry. 

0.97 

H orn blende. 

3.00 

Ice. 

0.88-0.92 

t ( cast. 

7.10-7.50 

Iron ] wrought. 

7.79 

Ivory. 

1.82 

Lead. 

11.37 

Lime. 

2.30-3.20 

Tiime, slaked. 

1.30-1.40 

Limestones. 

2.46-2.84 

Magnesium. 

1.74 



Names of Substances. 

Specific 

Gravity. 

Mahogany. 

0.56-1 09 

Maple, dry. 

0 70 

Marble. 

2.52-2 85 

Masonry, stone, dry. .. . 

4 4 brick, 44 • • • 

Mercury at 32° Fahr.. . . 
Mica. 

2.00-2.55 

1.50-1.60 

13.596 

2.80 

Nickel. 

8.8 

Oak, dry. 

0.69-1.03 

Petroleum at 59° Fahr.. 
Pine. 

0.80 
0.35-0.60 

-r -,1 , • ( cast. 

21.15 

Platinum j hammered> . 
Quartz. 

21.3-21.5 
2.5-2 80 

Saltpetre, Chili. 

2.26 

“ Kali. 

1.95-2.08 

Sand, fine, dry. 

1.40-1.65 

“ wet . . .". 

1.90-2.05 

‘ ‘ coarse. 

1.40-1.50 

Sandstone. 

2.20-2.50 


10.48 

S,lver ) hammered.'.'! '. 

10.62 

Slate. 

2.60-2.70 

Snow, freshly fallen. . . . 
Steel. 

0.19 

7.26-7.86 

Sulphur. 

1.93-2.07 

Sodium. 

0.978 


7.20 

Tin I roiled. 

7.30 

Water, pure rain or dis¬ 
tilled, at 39° F. 

1.00 

Water, sea. 

1.03 

Walnut, dry. 

0.60-0.81 

W ax. 

0.95-0.98 


6.90 

Zlnc j rolled. 

7.20 


WEIGHT OF A CUBIC FOOT OF SUBSTANCES. 


Average 

Names of Srbstances. Weight, 

Pounds. 

Aluminum.• <■ • 162 

Anthracite, solid, of Pennsylvania. 93 

“ broken, loose. 54 

“ “ moderately shaken... 53 

“ heaped bushel, loose. (80) 

Ash, American, white, dry. 38 

Asphaltum. 87 
















































































144 


WEIGHT OF SUBSTANCES. 


WEIGHT OF SUBSTANCES — {Continued). 

Average 

Names of Substances. Weight, 

Pounds. 

Brass (copper and zinc), cast.«.. 504 

“ rolled .. . 524 

Brick, best pressed. .. 150 

“ common, hard. 125 

“ soft, inferior. 100 

Brickwork, pressed brick. 140 

“ ordinary. 112 

Cement, hydraulic, ground, loose, American Rosendale. . 56 

“ “ “ “ f Louisville.. 50 

“ “ “ “ English, Portland. 90 

Cherry, dry.. 42 

Chestnut, dry. 41 

Clay, potters’ dry. 119 

“ in lump, loose. 63 

Coal, bituminous, solid. 84 

“ “ broken, loose. 49 

“ “ heaped bushel, loose. (74) 

Coke, loose, of good coal. 26.3 

“ “ heaped bushel. (40) 

Copper, cast. 542 

“ rolled. 548 

Earth, common loam, dry, loose. 76 

“ “ " “ moderately rammed. 95 

“ as a soft, flowing mud. 108 

Ebony, dry. 76 

Elm, dry. 35 

Flint. 162 

- Glass, common window. .. 157 

Gneiss, common . 168 

Gold, cast, pure, or 24 carat. . . 1204 

“ pure, hammered. 1217 

Grain, at 60 lbs. per bushel. .. 48 

Granite. .# 170 

Gravel, about the same as sand, which see. 

Gypsum (plaster of Paris) . .. 142 

Hemlock, dry. . . ............................. o . >(> o # 25 

Hickory, dry... 53 

Hornblende, black. . . 203 

Ice . . •••••••>•• .. 58.7 





































WEIGHT OF SUBSTANCES. 145 

WEIGHT OF SUB STAN CES—( Contin ued). 

Average 

Names of Substances. Weight, 

Pounds. 

Iron, cast. 450 

‘ ‘ wrought, purest. 485 

‘ ‘ average. 480 

Ivory. 114 

Lead. . . . . . . 711 

Lignum vitse, dry. 83 

Lime, quick, ground, loose, or in small lumps. 53 

“ 11 11 11 thoroughly shaken. 75 

11 11 11 11 per struck bushel. 66 

Limestones and marbles. 168 

“ “ “ loose, in irregular fragments. 96 

Magnesium. 109 

Mahogany, Spanish, dry. 53 

‘ 1 Honduras, dry. . . 35 

Maple, dry. 45 

Marbles, see Limestones. 

Masonry, of granite or limestone, well dressed. 165 

11 “ mortar rubble. 154 

tc il dry 11 (well scabbled). 138 

“ “ sandstone, well dressed. 144 

Mercury, at 32° Fahrenheit. 849 

Mica. . 183 

Mortar, hardened. 103 

Mud, dry, close.80 to 110 

Mud, wet, fluid, maximum. 120 

Oak, live, dry. 59 

Oak, white, dry. 50 

11 other kinds. . . . • • 32 to 45 

Petroleum.. 55 

Pine, white, dry. 25 

11 yellow, Northern. 34 

(1 “ Southern. 45 

Platinum. 1342 

Quartz, common, pure. ............................... 165 

Rosin. 69 

Salt, coarse, Syracuse, N. Y. 45 

11 Liverpool, fine, for table use. ............. - ... 49 

Sand, of pure quartz, dry, loose.................... 90 to 106 

11 well shaken.. 99 to 117 








































146 


WEIGHT OF SUBSTANCES. 


WEIGHT OF SUBSTANCES—( Continued). 

Average 

Names of Substances. Weight, 

Pounds. 

Sand, perfectly wet. 120 to 140 

Sandstones, fit for building. 151 

Shales, red or black. 162 

Silver. 655 

Slate. 175 

Snow, freshly fallen. 5 to 12 

“ moistened and compacted by rain. . . 15 to 50 

Spruce, dry. 25 

Steel. 490 

Sulphur. 125 

Sycamore, dry. 37 

Tar. 62 

Tin, cast. 459 

Turf or peat, dry, unpressed. 20 to 30 

Walnut, black, dry. 38 

Water, pure rain or distilled, at 60° Fahrenheit. 62 J 

‘ 1 sea. 64 

Wax, bees. 60.5 

Zinc or spelter. 437.5 

Green timbers usually weigh from one-fifth to one-half more 

than dry. 

WEIGHT OF DIFFERENT MATERIALS. 

Pounds. 

1 barrel of lime. 200 to 230 

1 11 “ cement (hydraulic or Rosendale). 300 

1 “ “ “ (Portland). 400 

1 “ “ “ (Scotch, Roman). 350 

1 “ “ fire-clay (American). 300 

1 “ “ (English). 350 

1 “ 11 brick-dust. 350 

1 tl 11 marble-dust. 350 

1 “ “ plaster, California. 260 

1 “ “ 11 Wotherspoon (Eastern). 275 

1 “ 11 11 (ground gypsum or land).320 

Fire-brick 6J to 7 pounds each. 
































WEIGHT OF ROOFS AND ROOF COVERINGS. 147 


NOTES ON HOOFS. 

APPROXIMATE WEIGHT OF VARIOUS ROOF COVERINGS. 


Weight in Pounds 

Material. per Square of 

Roof. 

Yellow pine (Northern) sheathing 1 inch thick. 300 

“ lt (Southern). 400 

Spruce. 200 

Chestnut or maple. .. 400 

Ash or oak. 500 

Shingles, pine. 200 

Slate i inch thick. 900 

Sheet iron fg inch thick. 300 

11 “ te inch ‘ 1 and laths. 500 

Iron, corrugated. 100 1° 375 

11 galvanized, flat. 100 to 350 

Tin. 70 to 125 

Felt and asphalt. 100 

„ 11 11 gravel... COO to 1000 

Skylights, glass, ^ inch to \ inch thick. 250 to 700 

Sheet lead. 500 to 800 

Copper. 80 to 125 

Zinc. 100 to 200 

Tiles, flat. 1500 to 2000 

11 11 with mortar. 2000 to 3000 


ANGLES OF ROOFS AS COMMONLY USED. 


Propor¬ 
tion of 
Rise to 
Span. 

Angle. 

Length of 
Rafter to 
Rise. 

Propor¬ 
tion of 
Rise to 
Span. 

Angle. 

Length of 
Rafter to 
Rise. 

Deg. 

Min. 

Deg. 

Min. 

i 

45 


1.4142 

i 

26 

34 

2.2361 

f 

33 

41 

1.8028 

? 

21 

48 

2.6926 

1 

30 


2.0000 

\ 

18 

26 

3.1623 

2^3 
















































148 WEIGHT OF ROOFS AND ROOF COVERINGS. 


APPROXIMATE LOADS PER SQUARE FOOT FOR ROOFS OF 
SPANS UNDER SEVENTY-FIVE FEET, INCLUDING WEIGHT 
OF TRUSS. 

Roof covered with corrugated sheets, unboarded. .. 8 pounds. 

“ “ “ “ “ on boards.... 11 


“ 11 slate, on laths. 13 11 

Same, on boards lj in. thick. 16 11 

Roof covered with shingles, on laths. 10 lt 

Add to above, if plastered below rafters. 10 “ 

Snow, light, weighs per cubic foot. 5 to 12 “ 


For spans over 75 feet add 4 pounds to the above loads per 
square foot. 

It is customary to add 30 pounds per square foot to the above 
for snow and wind when separate calculations are not made. 


PRESSURE OF WIND ON ROOFS. (Unwin.) 

a = angle of surface of roof with direction of wind; 

F=force of wind in pounds per square foot; 

A = pressure normal to surface of roof = F sin a 1,84;COS fl— 

B = pressure perpendicular to direction of wind = F cot a sin a 1-84cosa 
C — pressure parallel to direction of wind = F sin a 1,8i cos °. 


Angle of roof = a . 

5° 

10° 

20° 

30° 

40° 

50° 

60° 

70° 

80° 

1.01 

.17 

.99 

90° 

1.00 

.00 

1.00 

A=FX . 

.125 

.24 

.45 

66 

.83 

95 

1.00 

50 

1.02 

.35 

.96 

B = FX . 

.122 

.24 

.42 

.57 

.64 

.61 

C = FX .. .. 

.01 

.04 

.15 

.33 

.53 

.73 

.85 























HEIGHT OF TALL BUILDINGS, ETC. 


149 


HEIGHT OF TALL BUILDINGS, TOWERS, SPIRES, ETC. 

Eiffel Tower, France. 985 feet 

Tower of Babel. . .. 680 11 

Singer Building, New York (proposed). 594 “ 

Washington Monument, Washington, D. C. 555 “ 

City Hall, Philadelphia, Pa. 537 11 

Cologne Cathedral, Germany. 512 “ 

Tower of Baalbec. 500 “ 

Rouen Cathedral, France. 495 “ 

Pyramid of Cheops, Egypt . 486 “ 

Antwerp Cathedral, Belgium. 476 “ 

Church of St. Nicholas, Hamburg. 473 tl 

Pyramid of Cephrenes, Egypt. 473 “ 

Strasburg Cathedral, Germany. 468 11 

St. Martin’s, Landshut, Germany. 462 lt 

Vienna Cathedral, Austria. 449 “ 

St. Peter’s Church, Rome. 448 “ 

St. Stephen’s, Vienna. 446 “ 

Cathedral at Amiens. 422 ‘ 1 

St. Mary’s, Lubeck, Germany. 413 “ 

Salisbury Cathedral. 404 11 

Antwerp Cathedral, Belgium. 402 “ 

Palace of Justice, Brussels, Belgium. . . .. 400 “ 

Cremona Cathedral. 392 “ 

Park Row Building, New York. 392 “ 

St Peter’s, Rome. 391 “ 

Cathedral at Florence, Italy. 386 “ 

Church at Fribourg, Germany. 386 (l 

City Hall, Brussels. . .. 370 “ 

St. Paul’s, London. 365 “ 

Cathedral of St. Petersburg. 363 “ 

Times Building, New York. 363 

Cathedral of Seville, Spain. 360 ‘ ‘ 

International Banking Company’s Building, New York .352 * ‘ 

Cathedral of Utrecht, Holland. 356 11 

Pyramid of Sakkarah, Egypt. 356 

Cathedral of Milan, Lombardy.. 355 “ 

Manhattan Life Insurance Building, New York. 348 

Wall St. Exchange Building, N. Y..340 

Victoria’s Tower, House of Parliament, London. 340 ‘ ‘ 








































150 HEIGHT OF TALL BUILDINGS, ETC. 

Madison Square Garden Tower, New York. 332 feet 

St. Mark’s Church, Venice, Italy.. . .. 328 “ 

St. Paul Building, New York. .. 317 “ 

Land & Title Building, Philadelphia. 317 “ 

Court House, Pittsburg Pa. 319 “ 

Duomo, or Sta. Maria del Fiore, at Florence. 310 “ 

Pulitzer Building, New York. 309 “ 

American Surety Building, New York. 308 “ 

American Tract Society Building, New York. 306 “ 

Statue of Liberty, New York Harbor. 305 “ 

Masonic Temple, Chicago, Ill. 303 “ 

Lincoln Cathedral, England. 300 “ 

“Flatiron” Building, New York. 293 “ 

Empire Building, New York. 293 “ 

Trinity Building, New York. 290 “ 

Capitol Building, Washington, D. C. 287£ “ 

Trinity Church. 286 “ 

Assinelli Tower, Bologna, Italy. 272 tl 

Pantheon, Paris. 274 “ 

Auditorium, Chicago. 270 ‘ 1 

Bank of Commerce Building, N. Y. 264 “ 

Column at Delhi, Hindoostan. 262 “ 

Porcelain Tower at Nankin, China.. 262 “ 

Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris. 264 “ 

State Capitol, Hartford, Conn. 256 “ 

Fischer Building, Chicago. 235 “ 

Bunker Hill Monument, Massachusetts. 221 11 

New Netherlands Hotel, N. Y. 220 “ 

Cathedral Notre Dame, Montreal, Canada. 220 lt 

Grace Church, New York. 216 “ 

St. John’s Church, New York. 210 “ 

St Paul’s, New York. 200 “ 

Leaning Tower of Pisa, Italy. 188 “ 

Ames Building, Boston. 186 “ 

Opera House, Paris. 183 ‘ ‘ 

Washington Monument, Baltimore. 175 “ 

July Column, Paris.. 154 “ 

Nelson’s Monument, Trafalgar Square, London. 154 “ 

Trajan’s Pillar. Rome. 151 “ 

State, War, and Navy Building, Washington. 145 “ 

Obelisk of Luxor, Paris. 110 “ 










































PART VI. 


VARIOUS RECEIPTS, HINTS USEFUL INFOR¬ 
MATION, AND MENSURATION TABLES. 

lol 


152 


VARIOUS RECEIPTS, HINTS, ETC. 


VARIOUS RECEIPTS AND SHORT CUTS. 

Miscellaneous Receipts. — Test for Sewer-gas. — 
Saturate unglazed paper with a solution of 1 ounce pure lead 
acetate in half a pint of rain-water; let it partially dry, then 
expose in the room suspected of containing sewer-gas. 

The presence of gas in any considerable quantity soon darkens 
or blackens the test-paper. A suspected joint of a pipe can be 
tested by wrapping with a single layer of white muslin, moist¬ 
ened with the above solution, and if gas is escaping it will darken 
the cloth. 

To Clean Copper. — Take 1 ounce of oxalic acid, 6 ounces of 
rotten stone, £ ounce of gum arabic, all in powder, 1 ounce of 
sweet-oil, and sufficient water to make a paste. Apply a small 
portion and rub dry with a flannel or leather. 

Removal of Stains from Granite. — A paste of 1 ounce of 
ox-gall, 1 gill of strong solution of caustic soda, 1 \ tablespoonfuls 
of turpentine, with enough pipe-clay to make it thick, and scour 
well. 

Or, mix together \ pound soft soap, 1 ounce washing-soda, and 
a piece of sulphate of soda as big as a walnut. Rub it over the 
surface proposed to clean, let it stand twenty-four hours, and 
then wash off; or, smoke and soot stains can be removed with a 
hard scrubbing-brush and fine sharp sand, to which add a little 
potash. 

Or, use strong lye, or make a hot solution of 3 pounds of 
common washing-soda dissolved in 1 gallon of water. Lay it on 
the granite with a paint-brush. 

To Clean Marble. — Mix 2 parts by weight of sal-soda, 1 
part powdered chalk or fine bolted whiting, and 1 part pow¬ 
dered pumice-stone with enough water to make a thin batter, 
and by the means of a scrubbing-brush apply it to the spots; 
then wash off with soap and water. 

Or, to remove grease spots from marble, moisten fine whiting 
or fullers’ earth with benzine, apply it in a thick layer to the spots, 
and let it remain for some time; then remove the dry paste and 
wash the spot with soap and water. 

To extract oil stains from marble, make a paste by mixing 
2 parts of fullers’ earth, 1 part soft soap, and 1 part potash with 


VARIOUS RECEIPTS, HINTS, ETC. 


153 


boiling water. Apply this paste to the spots and let it remain 
three or four hours. 

To Remove Paint from Window Glass. — Put sufficient 
saleratus into hot water to make a strong solution, and with this 
saturate the paint which adheres to the glass. Let it remain 
until nearly dry, then rub it off with a woollen cloth. 

To Make Modelling Clay. — Knead dry clay with glycerine 
instead of water, work thoroughly with the hands, moisten work 
at intervals of two or three days, and keep covered to prevent 
evaporation of moisture. 

To Clean Paint. — When paint is washed with any strong 
alkaline solution, such as soda or strong soap, the oil of the 
paint is liable to be changed to soap and the paint is seriously 
injured. To avoid this, take some of the best whiting, and have 
ready some clean warm water and a piece of flannel, which dip 
into the water and squeeze nearly dry; then take up as much 
whiting as will adhere to it, apply it to the painted surface, 
when a little rubbing will quickly remove any dirt or grease 
stains. After this wash the part well with clean water, rubbing 
it dry with a soft chamois. Paint thus cleaned will look as well 
as when first put on, and the operation may -be tried without 
fear of injury to the most delicate colors. It answers far better 
than the use of soap, and does not require more than one-half 
the time and labor. Another simple method is the following: 
Put a tablespoonful of aqua ammonia in a quart of moderately 
hot water, dip in a flannel cloth, and with this merely wipe over 
the surface of the woodwork. No rubbing is necessary. The 
first recipe is preferable, except where the paint is badly dis¬ 
colored. 

To Age or Color Copper. — Add about 1 pound of powdered 
sal ammoniac to 5 gallons of water, dissolve it thoroughly, 
and let it stand at least twenty-four hours before putting it 
on the copper. Apply it to the copper with a brush, being 
sure to cover every place ; let it stand for a day and sprinkle 
with water, using a brush to sprinkle the water on so that it 
will not run and streak the copper. After standing overnight 
the color will be as desired. The same effect can be produced 
by using vinegar and salt instead of the sal ammoniac, using 
\ pound of salt to 2 gallons of vinegar. 

To Remove Old Glass from Sash. — Take a hot iron and 
run along the surface of the putty, when it can easily be re¬ 
moved with a chisel. 


154 


VARIOUS RECEIPTS, HINTS, ETC. 


To Remove Rust Stains.—To remove rust stains from 
wood wash the disfigured parts with a solution of 2 ounces 
of oxalic acid to 1 pint of hot water. 

In fitting doors always keep the hollow side next the stop 
or rebate strip. 

To stop a hinge from creaking moisten the lead of a pencil 
and rub into the hinge joints. 

When hanging transoms, where possible, if the transom is to 
be hung at the top,’ hang them so that when they are open the 
glass will lay on the wood and not on the putty. 

Wash-stands are usually set 2 feet 6 inches from the floor. 

The relative strength of timbers is estimated by multiplying 
the breadth by the square of the depth. 

Example .—How many times as strong is a joist 2|"X15" 
when supported on its narrow side as when supported on its 
broad side? 2J X 2| = 6*, 6J X 15 = 93 T V, 15X15 = 225, 225 X 2\ = 
562§, 562J-j-93^ = 6, or six times stronger. 

Whitewash. — Common whitewash is made by slaking fresh 
lime and adding enough water to make a tin paste; by using 
2 pounds of sulphate of zinc and 1 pound of salt to each half 
bushel of lime the whitewash will be much harder and not crack. 
A half pint of linseed-oil to each gallon of whitewash will make 
it more durable for outside work. To color add to each bushel 
of lime 4 to 6 pounds of ochre for cream color; 6 to 8 pounds 
amber, 2 pounds Indian red, and 2 pounds of lampblack for 
fawn color; 6 to 8 pounds raw umber and 3 or 4 pounds lamp¬ 
black for buff or stone color. 

Bevel of Doors. — In fitting doors the lock-edge should be 
given a bevel of i inch in 2\ inches, as this is the standard 
bevel given the face of locks. If the door be narrow it may 
be necessary to give it a little more bevel than this in order 
to clear the jamb as the door opens. 

Astragal of Sliding-doors. — The standard astragal-joint 
of sliding-doors has a f-inch half-round or bead, with a groove 
to receive it slightly larger to give a little play. 

Height of Chairs, etc. — The height of a chair-seat above 
the floor is 18 inches. The height of a table above the floor 
is 2 feet 5 inches. 

Size of Bedsteads. — A single bed is 3 to 4 feet wide. A 
three-quarter bed is 4 to 4 feet 6 inches wide. A double bed 
is 5 feet wide. All bedsteads are from 6 feet 6 inches to 6 feet 
8 inches long. 


VARIOUS RECEIPTS, HINTS, ETC. 


155 


Size of Pianos. — Upright pianos vary in size from 4 feet 
8 inches to 5 feet 8 inches long, and from 2 feet 2 inches to 2 feet 
8 inches in depth. 

Size of Bowling-alley. — A regulation bowling-alley is 65 
feet long, 3| feet wide, with an additional 10 feet of floor-space. 

Size of Billiard-tables. — Billiard-tables are 4 feet by 8 feet, 
4 feet 2 inches by 9 feet, and 5 feet by 10 feet. 

Size of Horse-stalls. —Horse-stalls should be made 4 feet, 
or 5 feet or over in width by 9 feet in length. They should never 
be made between 4 and 5 feet, as the horse is liable to cast 
himself. 

Height of Horse-troughs. — Horse or cattle water-troughs 
should be made about 26 inches from floor or ground to the top 
of the trough. 

Size of Chiffoniers. — Chiffoniers are about 3 feet wide, 1 
foot 8 inches deep, and 4 feet 4 inches high. 

Height of Hand-rails. — The usual height of hand-rails is 
about 2 feet 7 inches from the top of the step on line with th e 
riser of the step. 

Height of Base in Rooms. — A good rule to find the height 
of base is to divide the height of the story by 10 and multiply 
this answer by f, which will give the height of the base; or 
make the base the same number of inches in height that the 
story is in feet. 

Height of Chair-rails. — Chair-rails should be about 36 
inches from the floor to top of rail. In some cases the height 
is governed by the height of the window-stools. 

Hand or Loose-pin Butts. — A loose-pin butt that will work 
on a door opening from you to the right, when standing at the 
opposite side of the partition from that which the door is hung, 
is a right-hand butt, and a left-hand butt if it will work on a 
door opening to the left. The same rule applies to locks. 

Rope-mouldings. — Rope may be used as spiral mouldings in 
circular and curved work where wooden mouldings could not 
be employed without incurring extraordinary expense. The 
rope should be soaked for a few hours in thin starch and glue, 
equal parts, thoroughly mixed together. 

When the rope is to be nailed in place wipe off all the adhesive 
matter, then secure one end in place and twist the rope until 
the strands appear more prominent than ordinarily, then nail 
in place. 

After the rope is secured in place take a pointed stick and 


156 


VARIOUS RECEIPTS, HINTS, ETC. 


draw along the creases of the rope, thus bringing the strands 
into more prominence. Such mouldings may be finished with 
wood-filler, painted and varnished. Boiled oil can be used in 
place of the mixture of starch and glue. 

Hand of Stairways. — If, in ascending stairway, the rail 
is on the right-hand side it is a right-hand stairway. If the 
rail is on the left-hand side then it is a left-hand stairway. 

Spacing Roof-lath for Slate or Shingles. — When a roof 
is sheathed with lath or strips they should be spaced the same 
distance, centre to centre, that the slate or shingles are to show 
to the weather. 

Bridging Partitions. — When bridging partitions tack a 
stud horizontally across the face of the partition and draw 
all the studs into line. Then cut in the bridging and nail solid, 
and it will keep the studs in line. Straight partitions and true 
plastering can be obtained in this way with a little care. 

Height of Wardrobe-shelves. Shelves in wardrobes should 
be set about 5 feet 10 inches from the floor, when there is to be 
a cloak-rail under the shelf; the hooks on the cloak-rail should 
be about 5 feet 6 inches from the floor. 

Setting Door-jambs. — The openings for doors should be 
framed about | inch larger than the outside measurement of 
the jambs, and in setting the jambs use shingles for wedging. 
A bunch of shingles on a job when the door-jambs are being 
set will save many an hours’ time. 

Nailing Moulding of Doors. — When nailing the moulding 
in the panels of moulded doors care should be taken not to 
drive any nails so that they will come in the way of the bit when 
boring for the mortise of the lock. Many a bit has been spoiled 
and many an hours’ time lost by nails driven where the mortise 
foi the lock is to be cut. In some cases it is well to tack the 
piece of moulding at this point, leaving it to be nailed fast 
after the lock is cut in. 

Cement for Stopping Flaws in Wood. — Put any quantity 
of fine sawdust of the same wood your work is made with into 
an earthen pan, and pour boiling water on it; stir it well, and let 
it remain for a week or ten days, occasionally stirring it. Then 
boil it for some time, and it will be of the consistency of pulp 
or paste. Put it into a coarse cloth and squeeze all the moisture 
from it. Keep for use, and, when wanted, mix a sufficient 
quantity of thin glue to make a paste; rub it well into the 
cracks, or fill up the holes in your work with it. When quite 


VARIOUS RECEIPTS, HINTS, ETC. 


157 


hard and dry clean your work off, and, if carefully done, you 
will scarcely discern the imperfection. 

Nailing Base and Moulding at Mantels. — In making a 
return of the base and moulding at a mantel never nail the 
base or moulding fast to the mantel. The mantel should be 
left free to be taken off the hooks at any time. 

To Bend Mouldings. — To bend a moulding around a circle 
rip the moulding into strips, each strip being a member of the 
moulding, so the joints will come at the intersections of the 
members; then each strip can be bent separately. 

To Fit Doors. — In fitting doors a good rule is to make the 
space between the door and jamb just large enough so a silver 
quarter will slide around the door; this will give sufficient space 
for the paint or varnish and for the door to work easily. Always 
fit the door so that the hollow side lays against the stop or rebate. 

Driving Nails Under Water. — To drive nails under water 
take a piece of pipe long enough to set on the timber, or what¬ 
ever it is the nail is to be driven into; place it on the timber 
and drop the nail into it point first, then drop an iron rod down 
on top of the nail, and use the hammer on top of the rod to 
drive the nail. 

Soundness of Timber. — The soundness of timber may be 
ascertained by placing the ear close to one end of the timber 
while another person strikes a succession of blows on the opposite 
end, using a hammer or mallet. If the stick is sound the blows 
of the hammer will sound clear, but if they sound dull it indicates 
an unsound place in the timber. 

Corner-blocks. — When putting up block-trim always set 
the corner-blocks so the grain will stand vertical, the end wood 
will then not show at the side. 

Side of an Octagon. — To find the length of one side of an 
octagon when the short diameter is given multiply this diam¬ 
eter by 0.4141. 

Radius of Door- or Window-openings. — The radius of a 
segment, door, or window head should be equal to the width of 
the opening. 

Relative Strength of Timbers. — Beams of timber, when 
laid with their concentric layers vertical, are stronger than when 
laid horizontal in the proportion of 8 to 7. 

To Cut a Stick Square or on an Angle of 45° without a 
Square.— Place the saw on the stick in a position to saw, and 
note the reflection of the stick on the side of the saw. If the 


158 


VARIOUS RECEIPTS, HINTS, ETC. 


reflection and the stick are in a line, then the saw is in a posi¬ 
tion to make a square cut. If the reflection and the stick are 
at right angles, then the saw is in position for a square mitre 
or angle of 45°. 

To Find the Power of a Lever. — Rule. — As the distance 
between the weight and the fulcrum is to the distance between 
the power and the fulcrum so is the power to the weight. 

To Find the Power of Pulleys or Set of Blocks.— Rule. — 
As one is to twice the number of movable pulleys so is the 
power to the weight. 

Size of Gutters and Down-spouts or Conductor-pipes. — 
A rule of the American Bridge Company requires the following 
sizes for gutters and conductor-pipes: 

Size of Roof Gutter. Conductor. 

Up to 50 feet . 6 inches . 4 inches every 40 feet 

50 “ 70 “. 7 “ 5 “ “ 40 (t 

70 “ 100 “ . 8 “ 5 “ “ 40 “ 

Paste for Paper to Iron. For pasting paper to iron or 
steel mix dextrine with water and boil it down until it assumes 
about the consistency of very thin glue; it will not hold on greasy 
or oily substances. 

Ink for Zinc. — An ink which can be used with a drawing-pen 
on zinc and which is acid-proof is made of 1 dram verdigris, 
1 dram sal-ammoniac powder, and \ dram lampblack, mixed 
with 10 drams of water. 

Oil for Oil-stones. — A good oil for oil-stones is made by 
mixing equal parts of sperm- and carbon-oil (coal-oil). 

Nailing in Hardwoods. — When working in hardwoods 
bore a hole in the end of the hammer-handle and fill with soap 
or beeswax. When a nail is to be driven place the point of 
it in the beeswax or soap and it will drive much easier. 

Penny as Applied to Nails. — The term “ penny ” is derived 
from pound. It originally meant so many pounds to the thou¬ 
sand. Threepenny nails would mean three pounds to the 
thousand nails; eightpenny nails, eight pounds to the thousand 
nails, etc. 

To Mark Tools, etc.— Take 7 ounces of nitric acid and 1 
ounce of muriatic acid; mix, and shake together, then cover 
the tool where it is desired to mark with beeswax, and take a 
needle or other sharp instrument and scratch the name plainly 
in the beeswax; then apply the aeid with a feather, filling up 







VARIOUS RECEIPTS, HINTS, ETC. 


159 


the scratch in the wax; let it remain for about five minutes, then 
wash off with water and rub with oil. 

To Adjust a Level. — Place the level against a wall or some 
solid place, and in position so that the bead in the glass is 
at the centre and mark the position of both ends of the level 
on the wall; now reverse the level; place one end to one of 
the marks made, and move the other end until the bead is in 
the centre again and mark the second position; now divide the 
space between the two marks made and place the end of the level 
to this mark, and turn the adjusting-screw of the level until it 
brings the bead to the centre, when the level will be true. 

Improved Marking-gauge. — An improvement is made on 
the ordinary marking-gauge by boring a hole in one end and 
splitting the gauge so that a lead-pencil can be inserted and 
held. If there is not spring enough in the wood to hold the 
pencil put in a small screw to clamp the two sides together 
and hold the pencil. 

To Fit Keys. — To fit a key in a lock when the lock cannot 
be taken out hold the key over a flame until it is well smoked; 
then place carefully in the lock and turn it as far as possible, 
then take out, and where it strikes and needs filing will be 
marked in the soot. 

Resilience of Timber. — Comparative resilience of various 
kinds of timbers: ash being 1; fir, 4; elm, 54; pitch-pine, 57; 
teak, 59; oak, 63; spruce, 64; yellow pine, 64; cedar, 66; 
chestnut, 73; larch, 84; beech, 86. (By resilience is under¬ 
stood the quality of springing back or toughness.) 

Increase of Strength of Timber by Seasoning. — Per¬ 
centage of increase, strength of different woods by seasoning: 
white pine, 9%; elm, 12.3%; oak, 26.6%; ash, 44.7%; beech, 
61.9%. 

Trestles, Step-ladders, etc.— When making trestles, step- 
ladders, etc’., for use during the construction of a building, 
make the legs 4 feet apart, centre to centre, so they will span, 
and set securely on the joist, whether spaced 12 or 16 inches 
on centres. 

Size of Dentils.— The size of dentils vary according to the 
order of architecture in which they.are used, but a good rule 
for proportioning the size of dentils is as follows: 

Width — tV of length; 

Thickness °f length; 

Space between = \ of width; 


160 


VARIOUS RECEIPTS, HINTS, ETC. 


A Good Paint for Roofs or Outbuildings. —Take 1 gallon 
of crude petroleum and add to it slowly 3 pounds of Prince's 
Brown Metallic, mix thoroughly, and if necessary thin down 
with a little coal-oil. Apply in the same manner as ordinary 
paint. 

To File a Saw.— When filing a saw use the file with the point 
toward the handle of the saw, as this leaves the ragged edge 
on the back of the tooth and keeps the cutting edge of the 
tooth sharp. 

Size of a Flour-barrel.— A flour-barrel is 28 to 30 inches 
in height, and 20 to 21 inches in diameter. 

To Swing a Door over an Uneven Floor. —To swing a 
door over an uneven floor, or one that rises where the door 
swings so that the door rubs, use a wide butt at the bottom 
and a narrow one at the top of the door. This will raise the 
front of the door as it is opened. Two sizes of butts can also 
be used in this manner, to give a little gravity to the door to 
keep it closed. 

Sheathing Paper Back of Frames. —When sheathing paper 
is used on a building and the siding is to be cut between the 
casings and the corner-boards always run a strip of the paper 
under the casings and corner-boards as they are put on; this 
strip-of paper can then be lapped on the paper as it is put on 
and makes a tight job. 

Nailing Bridging.—Do not nai! the bottom end of floor 
bridging until after the floor is laid, as the floor then brings 
the joist into line. 


TABLES CONVENIENT FOR TAKING INSIDE DIMENSIONS. 

A box 24X24X14.7 inches will hold a barrel of 31J gallons 
A box 15X14X11 inches will hold 10 gallons. 

A box 8£X7X4 inches will hold a gallon. 

A box 4X4X3.6 inches will hold a quart. 

A box 24X28X16 inches will hold 5 bushels. 

A box 16X12X11.2 inches will hold a bushel. 

A box 12X11.2X8 inches will hold a halt-bushel. 

A box 7X6.4X12 inches will hold a peck. 

A box 8,4 X 8 X 4- inches will hold a half-peck, or 4 dry quarts, 
A box 6X5|X4 inches will hold a half-gallon, 

A box 4X4X2 jV inches will hold a pint. 


VARIOUS RECEIPTS, HINTS, ETC. 


161 


Facts about Glue.— To distinguish good glue from bad 
it is necessary to hold it between the eye and light; and if it 
appears of a strong dark-brown color, and free from cloudy 
or black spots, it may be pronounced good. The best glue 
may likewise be known by immersing it in cold water for three 
or four days, and if it swells considerably without melting, 
and afterward regains its former dimensions and properties by 
being dried, the article is of the best quality. In preparing 
glue for use it should be softened and swelled by steeping 
it in cold water for a number of hours. It should then be 
dissolved by gently boiling it till it is of a proper consistency 
to be easily brushed over any surface. A portion of water is 
added to glue to make it of a proper consistency, which portion 
may be about a quart of water to half a pound of glue. The 
qualities of glue are often impaired by frequent meltings. This 
may be known to be the case when it becomes of a dark and 
almost black color; yet, even then, it may be restored by boil¬ 
ing it over again, refining it, and adding a sufficient quantity 
of fresh glue. If common glue be melted with the smallest 
possible quantity of water, and well mixed by degrees with 
linseed-oil, rendered dry by boiling it with litharge, a glue 
may be obtained that will not dissolve in water. By boiling 
common glue in skimmed milk the same effect may be pro¬ 
duced. A small portion of finely ground chalk is sometimes 
added to the common solution of glue in water to strengthen 
it and fit it for standing the weather. A glue that will resist 
both fire and water may be prepared by mixing a handful of 
quicklime with 4 ounces of linseed-oil, and then boiling to a 
good thickness and kept in the shade on tin plates to dry. 
It may be rendered ready for use by boiling it over a fire like 
common glue. 


•A GLUE-JOINT IN 


STRENGTH OF 


Beech. 

Elm. 

Oak. ...... 

Whitewood 
Maple. 


Across the Grain, 
End to End 

.... 2133 
.... 1436 
.... 1735 
.... 1493 
.... 1422 


POUNDS. 

With the Grain. 

1095 

1124 

568 

341 

896 


Working strength is about one-sixth of the above, 







162 


VARIOUS RECEIPTS, HINTS, ETC. 


Veneering Glue, or Glue for Inlaying. —The best glue is 
readily known by its transparency, being of a rather light brown, 
free from clouds or streaks. Dissolve this kind of glue in 
water, and to every pint add a £ gill of the best vinegar and 
| ounce of isinglass. 

To Bend Wood Strips. —Place a sheet-iron shield, bent in 
the form of a half-circle, over a lamp- or gas-jet. Place the 
strip to be bent over the top of this form and gradually bend 
to the desired shape, the heat contracting the fibre of the wood 
on the side resting on the sheet-iron form and causing the strip 
to bend and stay in place. 

Marquetry Wood Stains. —Wood stains are now used 
largely in marquery work, instead of, as of old, inlaying the 
article of furniture to be ornamented with thousands of small 
pieces of veneer of various colors and sizes. The old process 
was slow and tedious, the new requires about one-fourth the 
time. The Decorators’ Gazette gives some reliable formulae for 
these stains, which have hitherto been known only to manufac¬ 
turers. They are as follows: 


EBONY. 

6 gals, water. 

6 lbs. ground garnet shellac. 
3 lbs. ground borax. 

1 lb. water ebony A. 

WALNUT. 

5 gals, water, 

5 lbs. ground garnet shellac. 
2\ lbs. ground borax. 

2\ lbs. Scotch soda. 

15 oz. water walnut A. 


OAK. 

6 gals, water. 

6 lbs. ground orange shellac. 
3 lbs. ground borax. 

16 | oz, water oak, 


VARIOUS RECEIPTS, HINTS, ETC. 


163 


PINE. 

8 gals, water. 

8 lbs. ground bleached shellac. 
4 lbs. ground borax. 

12 oz. water pine. 


SATINWOOD. 

5 gals, water. 

5 lbs. ground bleached shellac. 

2\ lbs. ground borax. 

15 oz. water satinwood. 

MAHOGANY. 

6 gals, water 

6 lbs. ground orange shellac. 

3 lbs. ground borax. 

18 oz. water mahogany 10,522. 

GREEN. 

6 gals, water. 

6 lbs. ground garnet shellac. 

3 lbs. ground borax. 

12 oz. pure green P. G. M. 

ROSEWOOD. 

5 gals, water, 

5 lbs. ground garnet shellac. 

2\ lbs. ground borax. 

1J lbs. water rosewood. 

Directions for Mixing .—Put shellac and borax into the water 
and boil until dissolved, and while still very hot pour this over 
the staining color; but never boil up the colors to dissolve them, 
or they may be destroyed by the heat. Stir up well, and strain 
carefully when cold. Then bottle for use. 

These directions apply to all the formulae, unless specified 

otherwise. 


164 


VARIOUS RECEIPTS, HINTS, ETC. 


Pitch of Roofs. —With a view to aiding those in the trade 
who have more or less roofing to do the St. Paul Roofing, 
Cornice & Ornament Company has issued a table giving the 
minimum pitch of roofs in inches to the foot for the following 
kinds of roofing materials. 

Asphalt and composition. \ 


Tin. 1 

Corrugated iron. 3 

Sheet iron. 3 

Copper. 2 

Lead. 2 

Thatch. 6 

Shingles. 4 

Slate. 4 

Tiles, terra-cotta. .. 4 


To Clean Brass (U. S. Government Method).— Make a 
mixture of one part common nitric acid and one-half part sul¬ 
phuric acid in a stone jar, having also a pail of fresh water 
and a box of sawdust. Dip the articles into the acid, then 
soak them in the water, and finally rub them in sawdust and 
they will take on a brilliant color. If the brass is greasy it 
must be first dipped in a strong solution of potash and soda 
in water, and then rinsed, so that the grease may be removed, 
leaving the acid free to act. 

Belting. —Horse-power of a belt equals velocity in feet per 
minute multiplied by the width; the sum divided by 1000. 
One inch single belt moving at 1000 feet per minute = 1 horse¬ 
power. Double belts about 700 feet per minute per 1 inch 
width = 1 horse-power. For double belts of great length, over 
large pulleys, allow about 500 feet per minute per 1 inch 
of width per horse-power. Power should be communicated 
through the lower running side of a belt; the upper side to 
carry the slack. Average breaking weight of a belt, y^Xl inch 
wide: leather, 530 lbs.; three-ply rubber, 600 lbs. The strength 
of a belt increases directly as its width. The coefficient of 
safety for laced belts is: leather = ^ breaking weight; rubber 
= | breaking weight. 

To Find the Diameter of a Pulley for any Speed.— Mul¬ 
tiply diameter of pulley on main shaft by the revolutions of main 
shaft and divide by the number of revolutions (or speed) re- 












VARIOUS RECEIPTS, HINTS, ETC. 


165 


quired, the quotient will be the diameter in inches of required 
pulley. 

Flux for Soldering Zinc. —Dissolve small bits of zinc, or 
zinc drops, in muriatic acid, mixed with an equal bulk of water. 

To Make Chimneys Soot-proof. —To make chimneys soot- 
proof use salt in the mortar to plaster the flues, one part of 
salt to three of lime. 

To Lead Hinges, etc., in Stone. —In leading hinges into 
stone if a few drops of oil is put in the hole before running in 
the molten lead it will prevent the lead from flying or ex¬ 
ploding. 

To Bend Lead Pipe. —Fill the pipe with dry sand, plug each 
end, and bend into the desired shape. 

Paint for Shingles. — A good paint for shingles is made 
by heating one barrel of coal-tar, 10 pounds asphaltum, 10 
pounds ground slate, and 2 gallons dead oil; add the oil after 
heating the mixture. 

Varnish for Pattern Work. —Shellac cut with grain 
alcohol is the best varnish for pattern makers. Put the gum 
in a glazed earthenware jar and cover it with grain alcohol. 
For fine light work add a little more alcohol. Never add oxalic 
acid to the varnish to clear it when old. Rather throw it 
out and prepare a fresh supply. 

To Distinguish Steel from Iron. —To distinguish steel 
from iron apply a drop of nitric acid and let it remain for a 
moment, then rinse with water. If the metal is iron a whitish- 
gray spot will remain; if steel, a black stain. 

Filling-wax for Granite. —A filling that is used to fill up 
holes, etc., in granite monuments, is made by melting gum 
dammar in a shallow vessel over a bath of water, so as not 
to burn it. When quite thin stir in granite dust, and add 
enough marble dust to lighten it to the color of the granite. 
Stir in all the dust the gum will easily hold; roll out into long 
sticks, and it is ready for use. To apply heat an iron red hot 
and hold it over the stone, and at the same time hold the stick 
near the monument and it will melt, and can then be pressed 
into the cavity. When cold pare down with a sharp tool 
and touch up lightly with a bush-hammer or chisel. 

To Toughen Plaster-casts. — To toughen plaster-casts 
immerse them till well saturated in a hot solution of glue. 
When treated in this way a nail can be driven into them without 
cracking them. 


166 


VARIOUS RECEIPTS, HINTS, ETC. 


Impression-wax. —To make squeezing-wax for taking re¬ 
verse impressions of carvings, mouldings, or other work take 
9 ounces of beeswax, 12 ounces lard, 3 ounces olive-oil, and 
5 pounds whiting (or in like proportion). Melt the three former 
ingredients together, then add the whiting, pounding it up 
well before mixing. When cold knead well together with the 
hands; or, take \ pound of hogs’ lard, \ pound of beeswax, 2 
pounds of flour, 1 gill of linseed-oil; melt all down. If too 
sticky add more flour; if too hard melt down again and add 
a little more lard. 

Moulds for Plaster-casts. —Take the very best glue you 
can get, place it in cold water at night, the next morning take 
it out; you will find it swollen; the water it has absorbed 
during the night is sufficient to melt it by heat; mix then as 
much thick glycerine with it as you had glue, and keep the 
vessel containing them in a steam- or water-bath till all the 
water is about evaporated and there is left as much in weight 
as the weight of the dry glue and glycerine taken together 
amounted to. This will make a compound of glue and glycerine 
which will never dry, and a mould of it can be used over and 
over again. 

To Clean Metals. —Copper, brass, zinc, and other metals 
are cleaned by the suitable acids which act on them. Such 
cleansing solutions may be prepared for the different metals 
as follows: 



Water. 

Nitric. 

Sulphuric. 

Hydro¬ 

chloric. 

For copper and brass. .... 

100 

50 

100 

2 

Iron. 

100 

3 

8 

2 

Iron (cast).. 

100 

3 

12 

3 

Zinc. 

100 


10 


Silver. .. 

100 

io 




It is best to make two such solutions, one being reserved for 
a final dip or wash; as this becomes weaker it can be used 
for the first wash, accompanied by occasional rubbing with 
sand, etc., according to the nature of the object being cleaned. 

Paper under Tin. —Tar or asphalt paper should never be 
used under a tin roof, as there is an acid which comes from the 
paper which destroys the tin. When paper is used under tin it 
should be rosin-sized roofing-paper. A thick layer of paper 













VARIOUS RECEIPTS, HINTS, ETC. 


167 


should be put under all tin laid on concrete to form a cushion 
and prevent any sharp projections from cutting the tin. 

Paste or Putty for Castings. — Eighty parts of sifted 
cast-iron turnings, two parts of powdered sal-ammoniac, and 
one part sulphur, made into a thick paste with water and 
mixed fresh for use, makes a good cement for stopping holes 
in castings. 

Fine Lubricating-oil. —Put pure olive-oil into a clear glass 
bottle with strips of sheet lead and expose it to the sun for 
two or three weeks, then pour off the clear oil, and the result 
is a lubricant which will neither gum nor corrode. It is used 
for watches and fine machinery of all kinds. 

To Remove Paint or Grease from the Hands. —Paint or 
grease is most readily removed from the hands by taking a 
handful of fine sawdust, saturating it thoroughly with kerosene, 
and scrubbing them in it, then rubbing them dry in plenty of 
dry sawdust. 

To Keep Water in Paint-troughs from Freezing. —The 
water in brush-troughs can be kept from freezing in cold weather 
by the addition of salt or a little glycerine. Neither will hurt 
the brushes. 

How to Clean Tracings. —Tracings that are badly soiled 
with grease spots or other dirt may be nicely cleaned with 
kerosene. Tack the tracing to a board and apply the kerosene 
gently but liberally to the surface, allowing it to soak a short 
time, and then drying off with a clean rag. Turn the tracing 
over and treat the other side in the same manner Place in a 
warm place to dry. 

Height of Privy-seats. —Privy-seats should be set about 
15 inches in height. 

Height of Wash-tubs.— Wash-tubs are usually set about 
31 inches from the floor to the top of the tub. 

Height of Wash-stands.— Wash-stands are usually set 
2 feet 6 inches from the floor. 

To Estimate the Height of a Building, Pole, or Tree. 
When a tree stands so that the length of its shadow can be 
measured its height can be readily ascertained as follows: Set 
a stick upright—let it be perpendicular by the plumb-line. 
Measure the length of the shadow of the stick. Then, as the 
length of the shadow of the stick is to the height of the stick, 
so is the length of the shadow of the tree to the height of the 
tree For example, if the height of the stick is 4 feet and its 


168 


VARIOUS RECEIPTS, HINTS, ETC. 


shadow is 6 feet in length, and the length of the shadow of 
the tree 90 feet, then 6:4::90: (60), or 60 feet, the height of 
the tree. In other words, multiply the length of the shadow 
of the tree by the height of the stick, and divide by the length 
of the shadow of the stick. 

Size of the American Flag. —There is no one size of American 
flag considered as standard. The War and Navy Departments 
each have a number of standard-size flags. The dimensions 
of some of the flags used by the War Department are as follows: 
Infantry parade, 4J by 5| feet; post, 10 by 20; storm, 4 by 8; 
garrison, 24 by 36. The field occupies about one-third of the 
fly, and T 7 g of the hoist, or exactly seven of the thirteen bars. 
The number of stars in the field is equal to the number of 
States, which at the present time is 46. 

Data for Painting. —Mixing Colors for Painting .—The 
following table gives the proportions of color for mixing some 
of the most common colors: 


Ingredients by Weight. 


Colors. 

White 

Lead. 

Lamp¬ 

black. 

Red 

Lead. 

Red 

Ochre. 

Verdi¬ 

gris. 

Burnt 

Umber. 

Spanish 
Brown, 
or Raw 
Umber. 

White. ,. 

Black. 

Green. ...... 

Stone. 

Lead. 

Red. . 

Chocolate.. . . 

100 

'25 

99 

98 

100 

’ '2 
* *4 

50 

50 

75 

‘ i’ 

\ .... 

96 


Compound Colors. — In mixing different colored paints to 
produce any desired tint it is best to have the principal ingre¬ 
dient thick and add to it the other colors thinner. In the 
following list of the combinations of colors required to produce 
a required tint, the first-named color is the principal ingredient, 
and the others follow in the order of their importance. 

Buff — white, yellow, ochre, red. 

Chestnut — red, black, yellow. 

Chocolate — raw umber, red, black. 

Claret — red, umber, black. 

Copper — red, yellow, black. 

Dove — white, vermilion, blue, yellow. 




























VARIOUS RECEIPTS, HINTS, ETC. 


169 


Drab — white, yellow, ochre, red, black. 

Fawn — white, yellow, red. 

Flesh — white, yellow ochre, vermilion. 

Freestone — red, black, yellow ochre, white. 

French gray—white, Prussian blue, lake. 

Gray — white lead, black. 

Gold — white, stone ochre, red. 

Green bronze — chrome, green, black, yellow. 

Green pea — white, chrome green. 

Lemon — white, chrome yellow. 

Limestone — white, yellow ochre, black, red. 

Olive — yellow, blue, black, white. 

Orange — yellow, red. 

Peach — white, vermilion. 

Pearl — white, black, blue. 

Pink — white, vermilion, lake. 

Purple — violet, with more red and white. 

Rose — white, madder lake. 

Sandstone — white, yellow ochre, black, red. 

Snuff — yellow, Vandyke brown. 

Violet — red, blue, white. 

Combination of Colors. — The following list gives combina¬ 
tions of four colors which will harmonize. 

1. Red, chamois yellow, gray-green and bluish-green. 

2. Blue, red, medium, violet, and gold. 

3. Crimson, gray-green, grayish-pink, and deep straw 
color. 

4. Maroon, olive-green, pale amber, and sea-green. 

5. Blue, gold, blue-green, and dark amber. 

6. Violet-purple, amber-red, ultramarine, and dark olive- 
green. 

7. Dark gray, red, sea-green, and greenish-yellow. 

8. Indigo, citrine yellow, gray-blue, and warm olive. 

9. Pea-green, slate-blue, Venetian-red, and grayish pale 
orange. 

10. Lemon-gold, turquoise, Venetian-red, and blue-green. 

IF Pale orange, dark blue, turquoise, and warm white. 

12. Ultramarine, jasper red, dull gold, and blue-green. 


170 


VARIOUS RECEIPTS, HINTS, ETC. 


Harmony and Contrast in Colors. — White contrasts with 
black and harmonizes with gray. 

White contrasts with brown and harmonizes with buff. 
White contrasts with blue and harmonizes with sky-blue. 
White contrasts with purple and harmonizes with rose. 
White contrasts with green and harmonizes with pea-green. 
Cold greens contrast with crimson and harmonize with olive. 
Cold greens contrast with purple and harmonize with citrine 
Cold greens contrast with white and harmonize with blues. 
Cold greens contrast with pink and harmonize with brown. 
Cold greens contrast with gold and harmonize with black. 
Cold greens contrast with orange and harmonize with gray. 
Warm greens contrast with crimson and harmonize with 
yellow. 

Warm greens contrast with maroons and harmonize with 
orange. 

Warm greens contrast with purple and harmonize with citrine. 
Warm greens contrast with red and harmonize with sky-blue. 
Warm greens contrast with pink and harmonize with gray. 
Warm greens contrast with white and harmonize with white. 
Warm greens contrast with black and harmonize with brown. 
Warm greens contrast with lavender and harmonize with buff. 
Greens contrast with colors containing red and harmonize 
with colors containing yellow or blue. 

Orange contrasts with purple and harmonizes with yellow. 
Orange contrasts with blue and harmonizes with red. 

Orange contrasts with black and harmonizes with red. 
Orange contrasts with black and harmonizes with warm 
green. 

Orange contrasts with olive and harmonizes with warm brown. 
Orange contrasts with crimson and harmonizes with white. 
Orange contrasts with gray and harmonizes with buff. 
Orange requires blue, black, purple, or dark colors for con¬ 
trasts and warm colors for harmony. 

Citrine contrasts with purple and harmonizes with yellows. 
Citrine contrasts with blue and harmonizes with orange. 
Citrine contrasts with black and harmonizes with white. 
Citrine contrasts with brown and harmonizes with green. 
Citrine contrasts with crimson and harmonizes with buff. 
Russet contrasts with green and harmonizes with red. 
Russet contrasts with black and harmonizes with yellow. 
Russet contrasts with olive and harmonizes with orange. 


VARIOUS RECEIPTS, HINTS, ETC. 


171 


Russet contrasts with gray and harmonizes with brown. 

Olive contrasts with orange and harmonizes with green. 

Olive contrasts with red and harmonizes with blue. 

Olive contrasts with white and harmonizes with black. 

Olive contrasts with maroon and harmonizes with brown. 

Gold contrasts with any dark color, but looks richer with 
purple, green, blue, black, and brown than with the other 
colors. It harmonizes with all light colors, but least with 
yellow. The best harmony is with white. 


ROLLS OF PAPER REQUIRED TO COYER THE WALLS 
OF A ROOM. 


Size of Room. 

Height of 
Ceiling. 

Number of 
Doors. 

Number of 
Windows. 

Rolls of 
Paper. 

Yards of 
Border. 

7 X 9. 

8 

1 

1 

6 

11 

7 X 9. 

9 

1 

1 

7 

11 

7 X 9. 

10 

1 

1 

8 

11 

7 X 9. 

12 

1 

1 

10 

11 

8X10. 

8 

1 

1 

7 

12 

8X10. 

9 

1 

1 

8 

12 

8X10. 

10 

1 

1 

9 

12 

8X10. 

12 

1 

1 

11 

12 

9X11. 

8 

1 

1 

8 

14 

9X11. 

9 

1 

1 

10 

14 

9X11. 

10 

1 

1 

11 

14 

9X11. 

12 

1 

1 

13 

14 - 

10X12. 

8 

1 

1 

9 

14 

10X12. 

9 

1 

1 

10 

15 

10X12. 

10 

1 

1 

11 

15 

10X12. 

12 

1 

1 

13 

15 

11X12. 

8 

2 

2 

8 

16 

11 X12. 

9 

2 

2 

9 

16 

11X12. 

10 

2 

2 

10 

16 

11 X12. 

12 

2 

2 

13 

16 

12X13. 

8 

2 

2 

8 

17 

12X13. 

9 

2 

2 

10 

17 

12X13. 

10 

2 

2 

11 

17 

12X13. 

12 

2 

2 

14 

17 

12X15. 

8 

2 

2 

10 

18 

12X15. ^ . 

9 

2 

2 

11 

18 

12X15. 

10 

2 

2 

12 

18 

12X15. 

12 

2 

2 

15 

18 

13X15. 

8 

2 

2 

10 

19 

13X15. 

9 

2 

2 

11 

19 

13X15. 

10 

2 

2 

13 

19 

13X15. 

12 

2 

2 

16 

19 

14X16. 

9 

2 

2 

12 

20 

14X16. 

10 

2 

2 

14 

20 

14X16. 

12 

2 

2 

17 

20 

14X18. 

9 

2 

2 • 

13 

22 

14X18. 

10 

2 

2 

15 

22 

14X18. 

12 

2 

2 

19 

22 

15X16. 

10 

2 

2 

15 

21 

15X17. 

12 

2 

2 

19 

22 


Deduct one-half roll of paper for each ordinary door or window extra 
size, 4X7 feet. 

A double roll of wall-paper contains about 72 square feet. 




















































172 


VARIOUS RECEIPTS, HINTS, ETC. 


What Causes a Poor Job of Painting. 

1. Cheap, poor lumber under the paint. 

2. Moisture, sap, soot, or grease under it. 

3. Non-drying pigments, like ochre, metallic, etc., used in 
priming. 

4. Non-drying oils, or oily, fatty, non-drying paint, used in 
priming. 

5. Flowing on paint like varnish instead of rubbing out well 
under the brush. Well brushed, thin layers are best. 

6. Insufficient quantity on new work. Two coats cannot 
wear well. 

7. Not allowing time for drying between coasts. 

8. Excess of oil in the undercoats, especially the middle one, 
in three-coat work. Undercoat, therefore, more elastic than 
topcoat. 

9. Carelessness or lack of judgment in methods of application. 

10. Thinning too much with oil, turpentine, etc., to save 
labor and cost of material. 

11. In cold weather, when fire is used for drying plaster, paint¬ 
ing before the plaster is dry. 


Things to Remember about Painting. 

1. A porous surface needs more oil than a hard one. 

2. Boiled oil is more apt to crack than raw,but gives a better 
gloss to the paint. 

3. Do not thin paint with oil or turpentine too much in order 
to save elbow-grease. 

4. On old, painted work sometimes the first coat requires 
turpentine to make it stick. 

5. Turpentine often prevents blistering on work exposed to 
hot sunlight. 

6. In cold weather a little turpentine is often necessary in 
undercoats, because oil thickens in cold weather and is apt to 
dry too glossy. 

7. Undercoats should dry harder and more quickly than those 
above them, forming a firm and unyielding foundation. The 
difference in drying between adjoining coats should not be very 


VARIOUS RECEIPTS, HINTS, ETC. 


173 


great. If the undercoat dries glossy, succeeding coats will be 
apt to flat quickly, blister, crack, etc. 

8. In cold weather do not paint until plastering is thoroughly 
dry. 

9. Never use cheap japan; the best only in cases of emer¬ 
gency. 

10. Good turpentine is crystal clear, not yellowish. 

11. Good linseed-oil is clear, of pale yellowish color, and 
dries well. If it is of greenish color, it is made from impure 
or unripe seed. If it is cloudy, it is not well settled. 

12. Remember that to get good results with paint a good brush 
is necessary. One with plenty of good, stiff bristles in it will 
do good work, while a soft, flabby brush cannot do it. 

The Brush to Use. — For heavy work in house-painting, such 
as siding or weather-boarding, the best brush to use is what 
is called a pound brush, i.e., a full, round brush with good 
elastic bristles 6 inches long. With one of them properly 
bridled, it is possible to apply, that is, rub out, worthy paint, 
so that it will wear three times as long as if flowed or smeared 
on with a wide wall-brush made of cheap hog hair —a tool 
not much better than a common whitewash brush. We have 
often seen men apply good paint to buildings with a brush 
5 inches wide in order to save time. If one must use a flat 
wall-brush for painting, let him get one not over 3 inches wide, 
and full or thick with good elastic bristles. 

As a guide for selecting suitable trimmings for painting the 
following list of colors is given. The body color is given in 
small capitals, followed by suitable colors for trimmings, or 
those which will harmonize with the body. 

White — terra-cotta, light-green, dark-green, gray. 

Silver gray — light olive, neutral drab, white, French gray. 

Light stone — light drab, light olive, white, French gray. 

Pearl gray — slate, French gray, white. 

French gray — slate, light stone, pearl gray, white. 

Slate — pearl gray. French gray, light stone, white. 

Russian gray — white, olive gray, mouse color, amber brown. 

Mouse color — light Manila, light drab, brownstone, light 
fawn. 

Morocco brown— brown, amber brown. 

Cream color —Milwaukee brick, rich buff, white, lemon. 

Milwaukee brick— cream, primrose yellow, deep buff, white. 

Light buff — dark buff, amber brown, leather, light Manila, 


174 VARIOUS RECEIPTS, HINTS, ETC. 

Dark buff —light terra-cotta, leather, amber brown, Indian 
tan. 

Indian tan —Venetian brick, amber brown, russet buff, light 
buff. 

Leather— dark buff, amber brown, Venetian brick, light buff. 

Amber brown —brown, leather, Indian tan. 

Brick red —white, willow green, Indian tan. 

Light Manila —mouse color, flax, light drab, olive gray. 

Light drab —stone, Russian gray, white, bright olive. 

Neutral drab —olive gray, mouse color, stone, white. 

Olive gray —flax, neutral drab, light drab, light Manila. 

Stone— light drab, light olive, bright olive. 

Warm olive —light drab, olive gray, amber brown, flax. 

Brownstone —Amber brown, brown, light Manila. 

Brown —Morocco brown, amber brown, brownstone. 

Pea Green— deep blue, bright olive, light olive, willow green. 

Warm citrine— flax, stone, light olive, white. 

Flax —light Manila, warm citrine, stone, warm olive. 

Light olive —Morocco brown, bright olive, stone, pea green. 

Bright olive — willow green, deep blue, light olive, white. 

Willow green —bright olive, deep olive, light olive. 

Deep olive —bright olive, willow green, light olive. 

Lemon —Milwaukee brick, salmon buff, russet buff. 

Deep buff —stone russet buff, amber brown, Venetian brick. 

Salmon buff —russet buff, light terra-cotta, deep buff, warm 
olive. 

Light fawn —Milwaukee brick, brownstone, Indian tan, 
leather. 

Russet buff —deep buff, Indian tan, primrose yellow, salmon 
buff. 

Light terra-cotta —Venetian brick, rich buff, deep buff, 
salmon buff. 

Venetian brick— light terra-cotta, Indian tan, leather. 

Sea-green— stone, dark green. 

Colonial yellow —light olive, fawn, brown. 

Sea-green, turquoise, blue, pink are suitable for porch 
ceilings, etc. 

Bronze green, black, vermilion are suitable for window- 
sash. 

Myrtle green is suitable for outside blinds, etc. 

Yellow, drab, dark green, maroon, lead color, oxide red, 
French gray are suitable for porch floors, etc. 


VARIOUS RECEIPTS, HINTS, ETC. 


175 


Dark red, brown, willow green, dark lead, black are 
suitable for roofs. 

Paint-brushes —To Clean .—When a paint-brush is hard 
and stiff, through drying with paint on it, put some turpentine 
in a shallow dish and set it on fire. Let it burn for a minute 
until hot, then smother the flame and work the brush in it 
with the fingers, dipping it frequently into the hot spirits. 
Brushes should always be cleaned with turpentine before being 
put away to dry. 

Blending of Colors. — A good way to find the tints that will 
blend with each other, when painting a house, is to find a 
pansy with colors that suit the fancy or taste. Use the domi¬ 
nant color in the flower for the body of the house, the next 
prominent color for the frames, cornice, etc., and the high 
colors for the panels, brackets, ornaments, carvings, etc. 

Varnish for Smoke-stacks. — One of the best varnishes for 
smoke-stacks, or steam-pipes, is good asphaltum dissolved in 
oil of turpenitne. 

To Make Starch Woodfiller.— Make a mixture as follows: 
Pulverized starch by weight, 3 parts; heavy spar, 3 parts; 
i part by weight of siccative, with enough turpentine to make 
the consistency of ordinary varnish. For dark woods add 
umber to make the desired shade. Apply to the wood and let 

set several hours, then wipe off. , 

To Remove Water from Varnish.— All commercial alcohol 
contains water and much of the 95 per cent, alcohol in market 
contains more than 5 per cent. When the alcohol used for 
making varnish evaporates the water remains and makes the 
varnish dull and spongy. To remove the water take a thin 
sheet of gelatine, cut it into strips, and put it into the varnish; 
it will absorb most of the water, and the varnish can be used 
clear and bright to the last drop. The gelatine will get quite 
soft- it can then be taken out and dried and used again 

Paste for Papering Painted Walls.—To make wall-paper 
stick to painted walls prepare a batter of flour and water m 
the usual manner, only a little thinner, and for each gallon of 
batter add 1 ounce powdered rosin. Set the kettle on a moderate 
fire and stir until it boils and thickens, and the rosin is me ted 
into the paste. When cool, thin down with a weak solution 

of gum arabic. , , , 

Labelling Paste for Tm.-Use Boor and water to make 
a stiff paste, and add 2 ounces of tartaric acid and 1 pint 


176 


VARIOUS RECEIPTS, HINTS, ETC. 


of molasses. Boil until stiff, then add 10 or 12 drops of car¬ 
bolic acid. 

Paste that will not Sour. — A paste that will not sour is 
composed of 3 quarts flour, 3 teaspoonfuls powdered alum, 
and J teasponful powdered vitriol. Mix in dry state and make 
in the usual way. 

To Make Paint Adhere to Galvanized Iron. —Apply a 
solution of ammonia water, using a whitewash brush to put it 
on with. Allow this to dry before applying the paint, and there 
will be no difficulty about the paint sticking to the iron. 

To Make a Liquid-filler. —Take a gallon of medium good 
varnish, inside coach varnish preferred, and add to it from 
3 to 5 pounds of a pure silex paste-filler. Mix thoroughly and 
thin down with turpentine or benzine, and you have a good 
liquid-filler. 

Paint for Smoke-stacks. One of the best paints for smoke¬ 
stacks or steam-pipes is good asphaltum dissolved in oil of tur¬ 
pentine. 

To Dry Paint.— When paint fails to dry, take equal parts 
of japan drier and turpentine and apply all over with a brush, 
rubbing it well into the paint. 

Washing Paint. — When soapsuds are used for washing old 
paint before repainting, be sure and rinse off well, otherwise it 
will prevent the paint from drying. 

Swelling a New Brush. —Never put a new brush in water 
to swell with the bristles down in the water, for water-soaked 
bristles will always work flabby, and if the bristles are of fine 
quality they will twist. 

Put a new brush in the water with the handle down, letting 
the water come up to the ferule; this will swell the handle 
without soaking the elasticity out of the bristles. 

Brushes which have been once used in paint can be put in 
the water without damage, as the bristles have become soaked 
with the oil from the paint, which prevents the water from 
damaging them. 

Never put a brush in newly slaked lime or lime-water, as it 
will destroy the bristles. 

Never try to varnish with a brush that has been used for 
paint; it will not do good work. 


MENSURATION TABLES, ETC. 


177 


MENSURATION TABLES, ETC. 

LINEAR MEASURE. 


1 hair’s breadth. = 

3 barleycorns (lengthwise) .. = 

7.92 inches. = 

12 inches. = 

3 feet. = 

51 yards .= 

4 poles or 100 links. = 

10 chains. = 

8 furlongs. =* 

3 miles (nautical). = 

1 line. . . .. = 

1 nail (cloth measure). = 

1 palm. = 

1 hand (used for height 

of horses) .= 

1 span .= 

1 cubit .= 

1 pace (military) .= 

1 pace (common) .= 

1 Scotch ell .= 

1 vara (Spanish). = 

1 English ell. == 

1 fathom. = 

1 cable’s length.. = 

1 “knot” .= 

1 degree of equator. = 

1 degree of meridian. . . 0 .. . = 

1 degree of equator. = 

1 degree of meridian. = 

1.1527 statute miles. = 

6086.07 feet. = 


= inch. 

1 inch. 

= 1 link. 

1 foot = 0.3048 metre. 

1 yard=0.91438 metre. 

1 rod, perch, or pole. 

= 1 chain. 

1 furlong. 

1 mile = 1.6093 kilometres 
= 5280 ft. 

1 league. 

: inch. 

21 inches. 

3 inches. 

4 inches. 

9 inches. 

18 inches, 
feet. 

3 feet. 

37.06 inches. 

33.3 inches. 

45 inches. 

6 feet. 

120 fathoms. 

6082.66 feet. 

69.1613 statute miles. 

69.046 statute miles 
60 geographical miles. 

59.899 geographical miles. 

1 geographical mile, 
lminute of longitude = 1 
nautical mile. 


SQUARE OR SURFACE MEASURE. 

144 square inches.= 1 square foot. 

9 square feet.=1 square yard = 1296 square inches. 

100 square feet.=lsquare (builders’ measure). 
































178 


MENSURATION TABLES, ETC. 


LAND MEASURE. 


301 square yards.=1 square rod. 

40 square rods.=1 square rood = 1210 square yards. 

4 square roods.=1 acre = 4840 square yards. 

640 acres.=1 square mile. 

208.71 feet square.=1 acre. 

1 square mile.=1 section of land. 

160 acres. .=1 section of land. 


cub:c measure. 


1728 cubic inches. 

27 cubic feet. 

128 cubic feet. 

40 eubic feet.. 

42 cubic feet. 

108 cubic feet. 

24.75 cubic feet of stone. 


= 1 cubic foot. 

= 1 cubic yard. 

= 1 cord. 

= 1 American shipping ton. 
= 1 British shipping ton. 

= 1 stack of wood. 

= 1 perch. 


Note . — In Oklahoma, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Ohio 
a perch is fixed at 25 cu. ft. of stone. In Delaware it is 24f 
cu. ft. in walls, 27 cu. ft. when piled on the ground, 30 cu. ft. 
when in a boat, and 30^ cu. ft. in cars. In Colorado a perch 
of stone in mason work is 16§ cu. ft., and for brickwork measure 
laid in a wall, 22 bricks per cubic foot for a foot wall and 15 
bricks for what is known as an 8-inch wall. In Philadelphia 
22 cu. ft. is considered a perch. 


AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT (ORDINARY COMMERCIAL WEIGHT). 

16 drams. = 1 ounce, oz. 

16 ounces.= 1 pound, lb. 

28 lbs. (old).= 1 quarter, qr. 

' * 1 < J UarterS ( ° ld) l ■ • - 1 hundredweight. 

100 lbs., pounds ) 

20 hundredweight. .. = 1 ton. 

100 pounds. = 1 cental. 

175 troy pounds. = 144 avoirdupois. 

1 troy pound..=5760 grains. 

1 avoirdupois pound = 7000 grains. 


Avoirdupois weight is used to weigh all coarse articles, as hay, 
meat, fish, potash, groceries, flax, butter, cheese, etc., and metals, 
except precious metals. Formerly the usual custom was to 
allow 112 pounds for a hundredweight and 28 pounds for a 






















MENSURATION TABLES, ETC. 


179 


quarter, but this practice has very nearly passed away. The 
custom-house still adheres to the old usage. 

APOTHECARIES’ MEASURE—LIQUID. 

60 minims or drops, m., = l fluid drachm. 

8 fluid drachms. . . , . . = 1 fluid ounce. 

16 fluid ounces.=1 pint (octarius). 

8 pints.=1 gallon (congius). 

These apothecarie ’ weights and measures are used by apoth¬ 
ecaries and physicians in compounding medicines, but drugs 
and medicines are bought and sold by avoirdupois weight. 

The standard avoirdupois pound is the weight of 27.7015 
cubic inches of distilled water weighed in air at 39.1°, the barom¬ 
eter at 30 inches. 

APOTHECARIES’ WEIGHT—DRY. 

20 grains. . = 1 scruple. 

3 scruples = 1 dram. 

8 drams. . = 1 ounce. 

12 ounces =1 pound. 


LIQUID OR WINE MEASURE. 


4 gills. 

= 1 pint, pt. 

2 pints. 

= 1 quart, qt. 

4 quarts. 

= 1 gallon, gal. 

42 gallons. 

= 1 tierce. 

1§ tierces or 63 gallons. . .. 

= 1 hogshead, hhd. 

84 gallons. 

= 1 puncheon. 

1^ puncheons or 126 gallons 

= 1 pipe. 

2 pipes. 

= 1 tun. 

231 cubic inches. 

= 1 gallon. 

10 gallons. 

= 1 anker. 

18 “ . 

= 1 runlet. 

31J “ . 

= 1 barrel. 


This measure is used to measure water, wine, spirits, cider, oil, 
honey, etc. In London the gill is usually called a quartern. 














180 


MENSURATION TABLES, ETC. 


ALE OR BEER MEASURE. 


2 pints.=1 quart. 

4 quarts. ... =1 gallon. 

9 gallons. . .. = 1 firkin. 

2 firkins. . . . = 1 kilderkin. 
2 kilderkins =1 barrel. 


1J barrels. . ..=1 hogshead. 
1J hogsheads =1 puncheon. 
1J puncheons = 1 butt. 


Used to measure beer, ales, porter, etc. An ale gallon meas¬ 
ures 282 cubic inches. 


ENGLISH WINE MEASURE. 


18 

25 

42 

7i 

4 

52| 

63 


U. S. gallons. ... =1 runlet. 
English gallons | 

U. S. gallons | -1 tierCe ‘ 

English gallons. . =1 firkin of beer, 
firkins. ..=1 barrel. 


English gallons ) „ . . , 

U. S. gallons r 1 h0gSheacL 


DRY MEASURE. 


2 pints. . . = 1 quart . . 
4 quarts. = 1 gallon . . 
2 gallons. = 1 peck. ... 
4 pecks. . = 1 bushel. . 
36 bushels = 1 chaldron 

4 bushels (in England) 

2 coons “ “ 

5 quarters 11 “ 

2 weys (t tc 


= 67.2 cubic inches. 

= 288.8 “ " 

= 537.6 “ 

= 2150.42 “ “ 

= 57.244 feet. 

= 1 coon. 

= 1 quarter. 

= 1 wey. 

= 1 last. 


A gallon, dry measure, measures 268f cubic inches. 


SURVEYORS’ SQUARE MEASURE. 

625 square links = 1 square rod, sq. rd. 

16 “ rods =1 “ chain, sq. ch. 

10 11 chains = 1 acre, A. 

640 acres = 1 square mile, sq. mi. 

36 square miles or 6 miles square = 1 township, tp. 



MENSURATION TABLES, ETC. 


181 


SURVEYORS’ LONG MEASURE. 

7.92 inches. . = 1 link. 

25 links.... = 1 pole. 

100 links.. .. = 1 chain. 

10 chains. . = 1 furlong. 

8 furlongs = 1 mile. 

Used by surveyors, civil engineers, etc., in measuring distances. 
MEASURE OF TIME. 


60 seconds, sec. . . . .. 

= 1 minute, min. 

60 minutes. 

= 1 hour, hr. 

24 hours. 

= 1 day, dy 

7 days. 

= 1 week, wk. 

2 weeks. 

= 1 fortnight. 

4 weeks. 

= 1 month, mo. 

13 months 1 day 6 hrs. 

= 1 Julian year. 

365 days 6 hours. 

= 1 Julian year. 

366 davs. 

= 1 leap year. 

12 calendar months.. 

*=1 year. 


Used for computing time. 

CIRCULAR MEASURE. 

60 seconds, ".. *=1 minute,'. 

60 minutes. ... = 1 degree, °. 

30 degrees. ... — 1 sign, s. 

90 degrees. . .. = 1 quadrant, 

12 signs.=a circle. 

4 quadrants I a c i rcum f e rence of a circle. 

360 degrees ..} 

Used in measuring latitude, longitude, etc. 

TROY WEIGHT. 

Used in Weighing Gold or Silver. 

24 grains.=1 pennyweight. 

20 pennyweights = 1 ounce. 

12 ounces.=1 pound. 

A carat of the jewellers, for precious stones, is, in the United 
States, 3.2 grains; in London, 3.17 grains; in Paris 3.18 grains 
are divided into 4 jewellers’ grains. In troy, apothecaries’, and 
avoirdupois weights the grain is the same. 














182 


MENSURATION TABLES, ETC. 


MEASURES OF VALUE. 

U. S. Standard. 

10 mills. . = 1 cent. 

10 cents.. = 1 dime. 

10 dimes =1 dollar. 

10 dollars = 1 eagle. 

The standard of gold and silver is 900 parts of pure metal and 
100 parts of alloy to 1000 parts of coin. 


WEIGHT OF COIN. 


Double eagle. 


=516 troy grains. 


Eagle. 


=258 troy grains. 


Dollar (gold). 


= 25.8 troy grains. 


Dollar (silver). 

=412.5 troy grains. 


Half dollar. . 


= 192 troy grains. 


5-cent piece (nickel) 

= 77.16 troy grains. 


3-cent piece (nickel) 

= 30 troy grains. 


Cent (copper) 

. 

= 48 troy grains. 


NUMBER OF ENGLISH 

OR UNITED STATES YARDS 

IN MILES 

OF DIFFERENT NATIONS. 


Name. 

Yards. 

Name. 

Yards. 

Arabian. 

2,148 

Luthenian. 

,... 9,784 

Bohemian. 

10,187 

Oldenburg. 

. . . . 10,820 

Brebant. 

6,082 

Persian (paisang). . , 

... 6,082 

Burgundy. 

6,183 

Polish (long). 

,... 8,101 

Chinese (His). 

682 

Polish (short). 

, ... 6,095 

Dutch (Ure). 

6,395 

Portuguese (leguos). 

. . . 6,760 

Danish. 

8,244 

Prussian. 

, ... 8,498 

English (U. S.). 

1,760 

Roman (modern). » . 

. .. 2,035 

English (geographical).. 

2,025 

Roman (ancient). ,.. 

.... 1,613 

Flemish. 

6,869 

Russian (verst). 

.... 1,167 

German (geographical) . 

8,100 

Saxon. 


Hamburg. 

.8,244 

Scotch. . 


Hanover. ... 

11,559 

Silesian.. 

... 7,083 

Hesse. 

10,547 

Spanish (leguas). . ., 

.... 4,630 

Hungarian. 

9,113 

Spanish (com.). 


French (art leagues) . . . 

4,860 

Swiss. ... 

.... 9,166 

French (marine). 

6,075 

Swedish.. 


Legal Le’g’e (2000 toises) 

4,263 

Turkey.. 

. ... 1,821 

Irish. 

3,338 

Tuscan. 


Italian. 

2,025 

Vienna (post mile). 

... 8,296 









































MENSURATION TABLES, ETC. 


183 


TABLE OF MISCELLANEOUS WEIGHTS. 


14 pounds.=1 stone (horseman’s weight). 

56 pounds.=1 firkin of butter. 

64 pounds.=1 firkin of soft soap. 

112 pounds.=1 barrel of raisins. 

256 pounds.=1 pack of soft soap. 

196 pounds.=1 barrel of flour. 

200 pounds.=1 barrel of beef, pork, or fish. 

280 pounds.=1 barrel of salt, New York. 

22 stones (301 lbs.).=1 sack of wool. 

17 stones 2 lbs. (240 lbs.) =1 pack of wool. 

60 pounds.. ..=1 truss of hay (new). 

50 pounds.=1 truss of hay (old). 

40 pounds.=1 truss of straw. 

400 pounds.=1 bale of cotton. 

100 pounds.=1 quintal of fish. 


COMMON WEIGHTS AND MEASURES AND THEIR 
METRIC EQUIVALENTS. 


An inch = 2.54 centimetres. 

A foot = . 3048 metre. 

A yard= .9144 metre. 

A rod = 5.029 metres. 

A mile = 1.6093 kilometres. 

A square inch = 6.452 square 
centimetres. 

A square foot= .0929 sq. m. 

A square yard = . 8361 sq. m. 
An acre = . 4047 hectare. 

A square mile = 259 hectares. 
A cubic foot = . 02832 cu. m. 

A cubic yard= .7646 cu. m. 

A cord =3.624 steres. 


A liquid quart = . 9465 litre. 

A gallon =3.786 litres. 

A dry quart = 1.101 litres 
A peck =8.811 litres. 

A bushel =35.24 litres. 

An ounce avoirdupois = 28.35 
grams. 

A pound avoirdupois = . 4336 
kilogram. 

A ton = . 9072 tonneau. 

A grain troy = . 0648 gram. 

An ounce troy =31.104 grms. 
A pound troy = . 3732 kgrm. 

















184 


MENSURATION TABLES, ETC. 


U. S. Land Measure. 

A range is a line of townships running north and south, and 
is known by its number east or west of the principal meridian. 

A township is divided into 36 equal squares, called sections, 
each 1 mile square, and containing 640 acres. 

A section is variously divided for purposes of sale. The U. S. 
Land Office recognizes the following divisions: 

Half-section.= 1X £ mile = \ sq. mile = 320 acres 

Quarter-section. ..= |X£ mile = \ sq. mile = 160 acres 

Half-quarter-section.= £ X \ mile = J- sq. mile = 80 acres 

Quarter-quarter-section. . . . = JXi mile = x V sq. mile= 40 acres 


Old French Linear and Land Measure. 

12 lines.=1 inch 6 feet.=1 toise 

12 inches.=1 foot 32 toises.=1 arpent 

1024 sq. toises.=1 sq. arpent 

The French foot equals 12.79 English inches. 

The arpent is the old French name for acre, and contains 
nearly | of an English acre. 


SPANISH LAND MEASURE, 

Sometimes used in Texas, Mexico New Mexico, Arizona, and 
California. 


26,000,000 

1 , 000,000 

25,000,000 

12,500,000 

8,333,333 

6,250,000 

7,225,600 

3,612,800 

1,806,400 

903,200 

451,600 

225,800 

5,645.376 


sq, varas (sq. of 5099 varas)= •! 


sq, varas (sq, 
sq, varas (sq. 
sq. varas (sq 
sq. varas (sq. 
sq. varas (sq. 
sq. varas (sq. 
sq. varas (sq. 
sq. varas (sq. 
sq. varas (sq. 
sq. varas (sq. 
sq. varas (sq. 
sq. varas (sq. 


of 1000 
of 5000 
of 3535.5 
of 2886.7 
of 2500 
of 2688 
of 1900.8 
of 1344 
of 950.44 
of 672 
of 475 
of 75.137 


varas)= 
varas) = 
varas) = 
varas) = 
varas) = 
varas) 
varas) = 
varas) = 
varas) = 
varas) = 
varas) = 
varas) = 


1 league 
1 labor 
1 labor 
1 league 
4 league 
4 league 
4 league 


= 1 section 
= 4 section 
= 4 section 
= 4 section 
-Tg section 
= 4840 sq. yd. 


= 4605.5 acres. 


= 177.136 
=4428.4 
=2214.2 
= 1476.13 
=1107.1 
= 1280 
= 640 
= 320 
= 160 
= 80 
= 40 

= 1 


acres. 

acres. 

acres. 

acres. 

acres. 

acres. 

acres. 

acres. 

acres. 

acres. 

acres. 

acre. 


To find the number of acres in any number of square varas multiply 
the latter by 177 (or to be more exact, by 1774), and cut off six decimals. 

1 vara = 334 inches. 1900.8 varas = 1 mile. 










MENSURATION TABLES, ETC. 


185 


WEIGHTS AND MEASURES OF THE PHILIPPINES. 

1 polgrada (12 linea) .- .927 inch 

1 P ie - *.= 11.125 inches 

1 vara .= 33.375 inches 

1 S antah .. .8796 gallon 

1 caban . . = 21.991 gallons 

1 libra (16 onzo) . . = 1 . 0144 lb. av. 

1 arroba .= 25.360 lb. av. 

1 catty (16 tael) .= 1.94 lb. av. 

1 pecul (100 catty) . =139.482 lb. av. 

Legal Weights (in Pounds) per Bushel op Various Com¬ 
modities Prepared by Department of Commerce and 
Labor, Bureau of Standards, Washington. 

The list below includes products for which legal weights have 
been fixed in but one or two States. 

Apple seeds, 40 pounds (Rhode Island and Tennessee). 
Beggarweed seed, 62 pounds (Florida). 

Blackberries, 32 pounds (Iowa); 48 pounds (Tennessee); dried, 
28 pounds (Tennessee). 

Blueberries, 42 pounds (Minnesota). 

Bromus inermus, 14 pounds (North Dakota). 

Cabbage, 50 pounds (Tennessee). 

Canary seed, 60 pounds (Tennessee). 

Cantaloupe melon, 50 pounds (Tennessee). 

Cement, 80 pounds (Tennessee). 

Cherries, 40 pounds (Iowa); with stems, 56 pounds (Tennessee); 

without stems, 64 pounds (Tennessee). 

Chestnuts, 50 pounds (Tennessee); 57 pounds (Virginia). 

Chufa, 54 pounds (Florida). 

Cottonseed, staple, 42 pounds (South Carolina). 

Cucumbers, 48 pounds (Missouri and Tennessee); 50 pounds 
(Wisconsin). 

Currants, 40 pounds (Iowa and Minnesota). 

Feed, 50 pounds (Massachusetts). 

Grapes, 40 pounds (Iowa); with stems, 48 pounds (Tennessee); 

without stems, 60 pounds (Tennessee). 

Guavas, 54 pounds (Florida). 

Hickory nuts, 50 pounds (Tennessee). 











186 


MENSURATION TABLES, ETC, 


Hominy, 60 pounds (Ohio); 62 pounds (Tennessee). 
Horseradish, 50 pounds (Tennessee). 

Italian rye-grass seed, 20 pounds (Tennessee). 

Johnson grass, 28 pounds (Arkansas). 

Kaffir corn, 56 pounds (Kansas). 

Kale, 30 pounds (Tennessee). 

Land plaster, 100 pounds (Tennessee). 

Meal, 46 pounds (Alabama); unbolted, 48 pounds (Alabama), 
Middlings, fine, 40 pounds (Indiana); coarse middlings, 30 
pounds (Indiana). 

Millet, Japanese barnyard, 35 pounds (Massachusetts). 

Mustard, 30 pounds (Tennessee). 

Plums, 40 pounds (Florida); 64 pounds (Tennessee). 

Plums, dried, 28 pounds (Michigan). 

Popcorn, 70 pounds (Indiana and Tennessee); in the ear, 42 
pounds (Ohio). 

Prunes, dried, 28 pounds (Idaho); green, 45 pounds (Idaho). 
Quinces, 48 pounds (Florida, Iowa, and Tennessee). 

Rape-seed, 50 pounds (Wisconsin). 

Raspberries, 32 pounds (Kansas); 48 pounds (Tennessee). 
Rhubarb, 50 pounds (Tennessee). 

Sage, 4 pounds (Tennessee). 

Salads, 30 pounds (Tennessee). 

Sand, 130 pounds (Iowa). 

Spelt or spiltz, 40 pounds (North Dakota); 45 pounds (South 
Dakota). 

Spinach, 30 pounds (Tennessee). 

Strawberries, 32 pounds (Iowa); 48 pounds (Tennessee). 
Sugar-ca’ne seed, 57 pounds (New Jersey.) 

Velvet-grass seed, 7 pounds (Tennessee). 

Walnuts, 50 pounds (Tennessee). 

On the pages following are tabulated the products for which 
legal weights have been more widely established. 


MENSURATION TABLES, ETC. 

LEGAL WEIGHTS (IN POUNDS) PER BUSHEL. 


187 


* 

Apples. 

Barley. 

Bea 

ns. 

Beets. 

1 Blue-grass Seed. 

Bran.* 

Broom-corn Seed. 

Buckwheat. 

Carrots. 

Charcoal. 

Apples.* 

Dried Apples. 

. 

Beans.* 

1 

1 Castor Beans 
(shelled). 

u. s. 



48 


50 





42 



Alabama. 


21 

47 

60 









Arizona, . 



45 

a55 









Arkansas. 

b 50 

24 

48 

a 60 



14 

20 

48 

52 



California. 



50 







40 



Colorado. 



48 

60 



14 



52 



Conn. 

48 

25 

48 

60 


c 60 


20 


48 

50 

20 

Delaware. 












20 

Florida. ,. 

b 48 

24 

48 

<760 

48 



20 





Georgia. . 


24 

47 

e 60 



14 

/ 20 


52 



Hawaii. ,. 



43 









Idaho. . .. 

5 45 

28 

43 







42 



Illinois. . . 


24 

48 

e 60 

46 


14 

20 


52 



Indiana. . 


25 

48 

60 

46 


14 



50 



Iowa. 

48 

24 

48 

60 

46 


14 

20 

30 

52 


20 

Kansas.. . 

b 48 

24 

48 

60 

46 


g 14 

20 


50 



Kentucky 


24 

47 

e 60 

*45 


14 

20 


56 



Louisiana. 



48 










Maine. . 

44 


48 

60 


60 




48 

50 


A1a.ryla.nd 












20 

Mass. 

48 

25 

48 

h 60 




20 


48 

50 


Michigan. 

48 

22 

48 

60 

46 


14 



43 



Minnesota 

650 

28 

48 

60 


50 

14 


57 

50 

45 

20 

Mississippi 


26 

48 

e 60 

46 


14 

20 


48 



Missouri. . 

48 

24 

48 

7 60 

46 


14 

20 


52 

50 


Montana. 

45 


48 

60 


50 

14 

20 


52 

50 


Nebraska. 


24 

48 

e 60 

46 


14 

20 


52 



New Ham, 




62 










50 

25 

48 

60 






50 




48 

25 

48 

60 




20 


48 

50 


N Car 


48 







50 



N Dakota 

50 


48 

60 


60 


20 

30 

42 




50 

24 

48 

60 


56 




50 

50 


Oklahoma, 

48 

60 


60 


20 

30 

42 




45 

28 

46 







42 



Penn . . . 


47 







48 


//cl 8 

R. Island. 

48 

25 

48 

60 

46 

50 


20 


48 

50 

20 

S Dakota 



48 

60 


60 


20 

30 

42 



Tennessee 

650 

24 

48 

il 60 

46 

50 

14 

20 

42 

50 

50 

22 


45 

28 

48 

e 60 




20 


42 


22 

Vermont. 

46 


48 

62 


60 




48 

50 




28 

• 48 

e 60 



14 



52 



Wash 

645 

28 

48 







42 



W Va 

25 

48 

60 






52 



Wisconsin 

50 

25 

48 

60 


50 


20 


50 

50 



* Not defined. 


a Small white beans, 60 pounds. 
b Green apples. 

c Sugar beets and mangel wurzel. 
d Shelled beans, 60 pounds; velvet 
beans, 78 pounds. 
e White beans. 

/ Wheat bran. 

g English blue-grass seed, 22pounds; 


h Soy beans, 58 pounds. 
i Green unshelled beans, 30 pounds. 
j Commercially dry, for all hard 
woods. 

k Fifteen pounds, commercially 
dry, for all soft woods. 

I Dried beans. 

native blue-grass seed, 14 pounds. 















































































































188 


MENSURATION TABLES, ETC. 


LEGAL WEIGHTS (IN POUNDS) PER BUSHEL—( Continued). 



Clover Seed. 

Coal. 

Coke. 

Corn. 

Corn Meal.* , 

Coal.* 

{ Anthracite 

1 Coal. 

Bituminous 

1 Cor 1. 

Cannel Coal. 

j Mineral Coal. 

Stone Coal. 

Corn.* 

Corn in Ear, 

Husked. 

Corn in Ear, 

Unhusked. 

Shelled Corn. 

u. s. . .. . 




80 





56 




48 

Alabama. 










70 

75 

56 

Arizona. 









54 




Arkansas , 

60 









70 

74 

56 

48 

Colorado. 

60 

80 




80 




70 


50 

Conn. 

60 


80 










Florida. , 











70 

56 

48 

Georgia. . 

60 






80 



70 

56 

48 

Idaho. • . 

60 











Illinois. . . 

60 






80 



70 


56 

48 

Indiana, . 

60 





80 




(a) 



50 

Iowa . 

60 






80 

38 


b 70 


56 

Kansas. . . 

60 






80 



c 70 


50 

Kentucky 

60 

76 

76 

76 

76 

76 

76 


d 70 



56 

50 

Louisiana. 









53 




Maine. .. . 









56 





Mass . 

60 











/ 50 

50 

Michigan. 

60 





80 




6 70 


56 

50 

Minnesota 

60 

80 








70 


56 

Mississippi 

60 






80 



72 


56 

AQ 

Missouri. . 

60 





80 




Uo~ 

56 


Montana. 

60 





76 




70 

56 


Nebraska 

60 






80 



70 


56 


N. Hamp . 









56 


50 

N. Jersey. 

64 












New York 

60 












50 

N. Car. . . 

60 












N. Dakota 

60 






80 



70 


56 


Ohio . 

60 



80 

70 



40 


68 


56 


Oklahoma 

60 






80 



70 


56 


Oregon. . . 

60 











Penn . 

60 

£7/5 


76 




40 

58 





R. Island . 

60 

80 






40 


70 


56 


S. Car. . , . 










ou 
h 48 

S. Dakota 

60 






80 



70 




Tennessee 

i 60 






80 

40 


70 

7 74 


. . . 

Texas. . ,. 

60 






80 


70 

J • ^ 

72 

56 

. . . 

Vermont. 

60 










Virginia. . 

60 






80 



70 


56 

50 

Wash. . . . 

60 










W. Va.. . 

60 



80 





56 




* * 

Wisconsin 

60 












*)0 
















* Not defined. 


a Corn in ear, 70 pounds until Dec. 

1 next after grown; 68 pounds 
thereafter. 
b In the cob. 
c Indian corn in ear. 
d Corn in ear. from Nov. 1 to May 1, 
following, 70 pouuds; 68 pounds 
from May 1 to Nov. 1. 


e Indian-corn meal. 

/ Cracked corn. 

g Standard weight in borough of 
Greensburg. 

h Standard weight bushel corn meal, 
bolted or unbolted, 48 pounds. 
i Red and white. 

3 Green unshelled corn, 100 pounds. 



















































































































MENSURATION TABLES, ETC 


189 


LEGAL WEIGHTS (IN POUNDS) PER BUSHEL— {Continued). 



Corn Meal, 

Bolted. 

Corn Meal, 

Unbolted. 

Cottonseed.* O 

o 

1 j 

Sea Island g 

Cottonseed. ® 

O 

Upland Cot- P- 

tonseed. 

Cranberries. 

Flaxseed (Lin- 
! seed). 

1 Gooseberries. 

(Plastering) Hair. i 

Hemp Seed. 

Herds Grass. 

Hungarian Grass 
| Seed. 

Indian Corn or 
| Maize, 

u. s. 







56 







Alabama. 



32 











Arkansas. 



33* 




56 







California. 












52 

Colorado. 










44 



56 

Conn.. . . 




44 

30 


55 




45 


56 

Delaware 

44 

48 











56 

Florida. .. 



32 

46 










Georgia. . 



30 




53 


8 

44 




Hawaii. . 













56 

Idaho; . .. 







56 






56 

Illinois . 







56 


8 

44 




Indiana. . 






33 




44 




Iowa. 







56 

40 


44 


50 


Kansas, 







56 


a8 

44 


50 

556 

Kentucky 







56 


8 

44 


50 


Maine. .. . 









11 

. . . . 

45 



Mass. 




44 

30 


55 




45 


553 

Michigan. 






40 

56 



44 


50 


Minnesota 






36 


40 

a 8 

50 


48 


Mississippi 

44 

48 

32 




56- 



44 


50 


Missouri. 



33 




56 



44 


43 


Montana 







56 



44 


50 


Nebraska 







56 


8 

44 


50 


N. .Tftrsfty 







55 






53 

New York 




44 

30 


55 




45 


56 

N Car 

46 

48 

30 




55 






53 

"N" Dnfcntfi 





56 







Ohio 







56 



44 


50 









56 







Orpgnn 













53 

Ppnn 

« 












53 

R. Island 




44 

30 


56 



44 


50 


S Car 

46 

48 

30 

(c) 













56 







Tpn npsspp. 

50 

48 

23 




56 

43 

8 

44 


48 


T PYA.S 



32 




56 



44 


48 


Vermont 











45 


56 

V i rgi n i a. 



32 




56 


8 

44 

12 

48 


Wash 













58 

W Va 







56 







Wisconsin 

.... 



44 

30 


56 


8 

44 


48 

56 


* Not defined. 


a Unwashed plastering hair, _ 8 b Shelled, 

pounds; washed plastering hair, c Matured. 

4 pounds. 















































































































190 


MENSURATION TABLES, ETC 


LEGAL WEIGHTS (IN POUNDS) PER BUSHEL— (Continued). 



Lime. 

Malt. 

Millet, 

Oats. 

Onions. 

Orchard Grass 

Seed. 

Osage Orange 

Seed. 

J Parsnips. 

Peaches. 

Lime.* 

Unslaked 

Lime. 

Onions.* 

Onion Sets. 

Peaches* 

Dried Peaches, 
Peeled. 

u s.. 



34 


32 








Alabama. . . 





32 







38 

Arizona. . . 





32 








Arkansas. . . 




50 

32 

57 






33 

California.. . 





32 








Colorado, . , 

80 




32 

57 







Conn. 

70 




32 

52 




45 


33 

Florida. 




50 

32 

56 





a54 

33 

Georgia. . . . 


80 



32 

57 






38 

Hawaii. 





32 








Idaho. 





36 








Illinois. 


80 

38 


32 

57 







Indiana. . . . 



535 

50 

32 

48 


14 

33 

55 



Iowa. . . 

80 



50 

32 

57 



32 


48 


Kansas. 


80 

32 

50 

32 

57 







Kentucky. . 


35 


50 

c32 

57 

J36 

14 




30 

Maine. 





e.32 

52 




45 



Maryland. .. 





23 








Mass. 

70 




32 

52 






33 

Michigan. 

70 



50 

32 

54 


14 

33 



28 

Minnesota. . 

80 



48 

32 

52 


14 


42 


28 

Mississippi. . 


80 

38 

50 

32 

57 






33 

Missouri. .. . 



38 

50 

32 

57 

/ 28 

14 

36 

44 

48 

33 

Montana. . . 


80 

30 


32 

57 



50 



Nebraska. .. 


80 

30 

50 

32 

57 

25 


32 



33 

N. Hamp. . . 





32 








N. Jersey, . . 





30 

57 






33 

New York. . 

70 




32 

57 






33 

N. Car. 





32 








N. Dakota. . 

80 



50 

32 

52 







Ohio. 

70 


34 

50 

32 

55 





48 

33 

Oklahoma. 

80 




32 

52 







Oregon. .... 





32 







28 

Penn. 





32 

50 







R. Island. . . 

70 


38 

50 

32 

50 




50 

48 

33 

S. Dakota. . 

80 




32 

52 







Tennessee. . 

(g) 

80 


A 50 

32 

i 56 

j 28 

14 

33 

50 

l 50 

26 

Texas. 




50 

32 

57 





50 

28 

Vermont. . . 





32 

52 







Virginia. . . . 


80 

38 

50 

30 

57 

28 

14 

34 



40 

Washington. 





32 







28 

W. Virginia. 





32 







33 

Wisconsin. . 

70 

80 

34 

50 

32 

57 




44 


33 


* Not defined. 


a Green peaches. 
b Malt rve. 
c Shelled. 

d Bottom onion sets, 
e Strike measure. 

/ Top onion sets. 


g Slaked lime, 40 pounds. 
h German Missouri and Tennessee 
millet seed. 
i Matured onions. 
j Button onion sets, 32 pounds. 

I Matured. 















































































































MENSURATION TABLES, ETC. 


191 


LEGAL WEIGHTS (IN POUNDS) PER BUSHEL — {Continued). 


US... 

Alabama. 
Arkansas. 
Colorado. 

Conn. 

D. C. 

Florida. .. 
Georgia. . 
Idaho. . .. 
Illinois. . . 
Indiana. . 

Iowa. 

Kansas, .. 
Kentucky 
Maine. .. . 
Maryland. 
Mass .... 
Michigan 
Minnesota 
Mississippi 
Missouri. , 
Montana. 
Nebraska 
N. Hamp 
N Jersey. 
New York 
N Car 
N. Dakota 
Ohio . . 
Oklahoma 
Oregon .. 

Penn. 

R. Island. 
S Dakota 
Tennessee 
Texas 
Vermont 
Virginia . 
Wash. . . 
W Va . . 
Wisconsin 


3.2 

a> a) 

a, « 

03 C 
<U -y 


33 

33 


33 


33 

23 

33 

33 

33 

33 


3 

C 

cj 

<u 

CL, 


22 


22 


32 


23 

22 


c3 

<V 

Oh 


Pease. 


o3 

0) 

Ch 

03 

0 

3 

O 

u 

o 


GO 

t45 


48 

45 


45 


i56 


a 45 


25 


24 


24 


0JT3 

03 —h 

Bh-c 
c £ 
Sp 

tn 

O 


5G 


a5 

CQ 

ef 

<s 

CH 


GO 

60 

60 


60 


60 


GO 

60 


60 
60 
60 
60 
c 60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 


Potatoes. 


c 

Oh 

60 

60 

60 

GO 

60 


60 


60 

60 

60 

60 

60 

56 

60 


60 

60 


30 


c60 

60 

60 


60 

56 


60 
e 60 


60 


60 

60 

60 


si 

-P> +3 

o o 
oq 


55 

50 


54 


60 

55 


50 

55 

46 

50 

55 


54 
56 

55 
60 

56 

50 


54 

54 

46 

59 

46 


54 
46 
50 

55 


56 


54 


a 

.■S O 
-3CL, 


60 


60 


60 

60 


60 


60 


60 

60 

60 

60 


CL 

o 

H 

"3 


14 


60 


60 

60 

60 

60 

60 


60 

60 

60 

60 


56 


514 

614 


614 


Ch 

-3 

M 

3 

O 

£ 


45 


43 


45 


614 


12 


60 


45 

44 


56 


a 

tu 

cj 

Si 

cl 

+H 

3 

P 


60 


60 


52 

50 


45 


* Not defined. 


a Green. 

6 Seed 

c Including split pease. 


d Matured nears, 56 pounds; dried 
pears, 26 pounds. 
e Black-eyed pease. 

























































































































192 


MENSURATION TABLES, ETC, 


LEGAL M EIGHTS (IN POUNDS) PER BUSHEL—( Continued) 



Rye Meal. 

Rye. 

Salt. 

Shorts.* 

Sorghum Seed. 

Tomatoes. 

Timothy Seed. 

Turnips. 

Wheat, 

Salt.* 

Fine Salt. 

Coarse Salt. 

Turnips.* 

Common Eng¬ 
lish Turnips. 

IT. S. ..... . 


56 










AO 

Alabama, . . 


56 








55 


An 

Arizona. . . . 


56 









ou 

An 

Arkansas. . . 


56 

50 




50 


GO 

57 


An 

California,. . 


54 









uu 

AO 

Colorado. . . 


56 

80 






45 



An 

Conn. 

50 

56 


50 

70 

20 





50 

60 

An 

Delaware. . 










Florida. . . . 


56 

00 




56 



54 


ou 

60 

An 

Georgia. . . . 


56 







45 

55 


Hawaii. . . 


56 









uu 

An 

Idaho. 


56 










uu 

AO 

Illinois. 


56 


55 

50 




45 

55 


60 

An 

Indiana. . . . 


53 

50 






45 

55 


Iowa. 


56 

50 




a 30 


45 


UU 

An 

Kansas. 


56 

50 




56 


45 

55 


UU 

60 

Kentucky. . 


56 

50 

55 





45 

60 


An 

Louisiana.. . 


56 










60 

Maine. 

50 

50 


60 

70 






50 

60 

Maryland. .. 








60 



Mass. .. 

50 

56 


50 

70 

20 



45 



60 

An 

Michigan. . . 


56 

56 






45 

58 


Minnesota. . 


56 





57 


45 


OU 

60 

An 

Mississippi. 


56 

50 




42 


45 

55 


Missouri. . . 


56 

50 




42 

45 

45 

42 

UU 

An 

Montana. . . 


56 

50 




45 

50 

OU 

An 

Nebraska, .. 


56 

50 




30 


45 

55 


ou 

N. Hamp. . . 

50 

56 







OU 

An 

N. Jersey. . . 


56 










An 

New York. . 

50 

56 


56 

70 

20 



45 



60 

An 

N. Carolina. 


56 










N Dakota. . 


56 

80 






45 

60 


An 

Ohio. 


56 






56 

45 

60 


ou 

An 

Oklahoma. 


56 

80 





42 

60 


OU 

An 

Oregon. .... 


56 








An 

Penn. 


56 


c 62 

85 







60 

R. Island. .. 

50 

56 


50 

70 

20 


56 

45 

50 


60 

S Dakota . . 


56 

80 






42 

60 


AO 

Tennessee.. . 


56 

50 




50 

56 

45 

50 


An 

Texas . 


56 

50 





55 

45 

55 


An 

Vermont. . . 


56 

70 





45 

60 


660 

Virginia.... 


56 

50 






45 

55 


60 

Washington. 


56 








60 

W. Virginia 


56 







45 



60 

Wisconsin . 

50 

56 


50 

70 

20 



45 

AT 


60 


* Not defined. 


a Sorghum saccharatum seed, c Ground salt. 7Q pounds. 

b India wheat, 46 pounds, 


T 









































































































RULES RELATIVE TO THE CIRCLE. 


193 


RULES RELATIVE TO THE CIRCLE. 

To Find Circumference: 

Multiply diameter by 3.1416, 
or divide “ “ 0.3183. 

To Find Diameter: 

Multiply circumference by 0.3183, 
or divide “ “ 3.1416. 

To Find Radius: 

Multiply circumference by 0.15915, 
or divide “ “ 6.28318. 

To Find Side of an Inscribed Square: 

Multiply diameter by 0.7071, 

or multiply circumference by 0.2251, 

“ divide “ “ 4.4428. 

To Find Side of an Equal Square: 

Multiply diameter by 0.8862, 

or divide “ “ 1.1284, 

“ multiply circumference by 0.2821, 

“ divide “ “ 3.545. 

Square. 

A side multiplied by 1.1442 equal diameter of its circum¬ 
scribing circle. 

A side multiplied by 4.443 equal circumference of its circum¬ 
scribing circle. 

A side multiplied by 1.128 equal diameter of an equal circle. 
A side multiplied by 3.547 equal circumference of an equal 
circle. 

Square inches multiplied by 1.273 equal circle inches of an 
equal circle. 

To Find the Area of a Circle: 

Multiply circumference by one-quarter of the diameter, 
or multiply the square of diameter by 0.7854, 

“ “ 11 “ 11 circumference “ 0.07958, 

" ^ (( <e \ diameter (< 3.1416, 


194 


RULES RELATIVE TO THE CIRCLE. 


To Find the Surface of a Sphere or Globe: 

Multiply the diameter by the circumference, 
or multiply the square of diameter by 3.1416, 

“ “ four times the square of radius by 3.1416. 

To Find the Weight of Brass and Copper Sheets, Rods, 
and Bars: 

Ascertain the number of cubic inches in piece and multiply 
same by weight per cubic inch. 

Brass, 0.2972. 

Copper, 0.3212. 

Or multiply the length by the breadth (in feet) and product 
by weight in pounds per square foot. 

TABLE TO FIND AREAS . ETC , OF POLYGONS. 


Name of 
Polygon. 

No.of 

Sides. 

A 

Area. 

B 

Radius 
of Cir¬ 
cum¬ 
scribed 
Circle. 

C 

Length 
of the 
Side. 

D 

Radius 
of In¬ 
scribed 
Circle. 

Angle 

Con¬ 

tained 

between 

Two 

Sides. 

Triangle. 

3 

0.433013 

0.5773 

1 732 

0 2887 

60° 

Tetragon. 

4 

1 

0.7071 

1.4142 

0 5 

90° 

Pentagon.. ; . .. 

5 

1.720477 

0 8506 

1 1756 

0 6882 

108° 

Hexagon. 

6 

2.598076 

1 

1 

0 866 

120° 

Heptagon. .... 

7 

3.633912 

1.1524 

0.8677 

1 0383 

128.57° 

Octagon . ..... 

8 

4.828427 

1.3066 

0.7653 

1.2071 

135° 

Nonagon . 

9 

6 181824 

1 4619 

0 684 

1 3737 

140° 

Decagon. 

10 

7 694209 

1.618 

0 618 

1 5383 

144° 

Undecagon . . 

11 

9 36564 

1.7747 

0 5634 

1.7028 

147 27° 

Dodecagon. . . 

12 

11.196152 

1.9319 

0 5176 

1.866 

150° 


To find the area of a regular polygon when the length of 
one side is given: Multiply the square of the side by the mul¬ 
tiplier opposite to the name of the polygon in column A of the 
following table. 

To compute the radius of a circumscribing circle when the 
length of one side is given: Multiply the length of a side of the 
polygon by the number in column B. 

To compute the length of a side of a polygon that is contained 
in a given circle when the radius of the circle is given: Multiply 
the radius of the circle by the number opposite the name of the 
desired polygon in column C. 

To compute the radius of a circle that can be inscribed in a 
given polygon when the length of a side is given: Multiply the 
length of a side of the polygon by the number opposite the 
name of the polygon in column D. 






















DECIMALS OF A FOOT FOR 64ths OF AN INCH. 195 
DECIMALS OF A FOOT FOR EACH A OF AN INCH. 


Inch. 


2 " 


.0833 .1667 .2500 


.0013 .0846 .1680 
.0026 .0859 .1693 
.0039 .0872 .1706 
.0052 .0885 .1719 


.0065 .0898 .1732 
.0078 .0911 .1745 
.0091 .0924 .1758 


.3411 
.3424 

! 6 i 04 .0937 .1771 .2604 .3437 


.2513 

.2526 

.2539 

.2552 


.3333 

.3346 

.3359 

.3372 

.3385 


.4167 


.5000 .5833 


.6667 .7500 .8333 


.2578 

.2591 


4180 .5013 .5846 
4193 .5026 .5859 
.4206 .5039 .5872 
.4219 .5052 .5885 


.2565 .3398 . 4232 1 .5065 .5898 .6732 


.6680 

.6693 

.6706 

.6719 


10 ' 


.4245 .5078 .5911 
.4258 .5091 .5924 
. 4271 ' .5104 .5937 

. 4284 '. 5II7 '.5951 
. 42971.5130 .5964 
. 4310 . 5143.5977 
.2656 .3490 . 43231.5156 .5990 


.2617 .3451 
.2630 .3464 
26431.3477 


.0117 . 0951.1784 
.0130 .0964 .1797 
.0143 .0977 .1810 
.0156 .0990 .1823 

0169^.1003 .1836 . 2669'.3503 .4336 .5169 .6003 
1 -- .4349 .5182 .6016 


‘.0182 .1016 .1849 .2682 .3516 
2695.3529 
,2708 .3542 


.0195 

.1029 

.1862 

.0208 

.1042 

.1875 

.0221 

.1055 

.1888 

.0234 

.1068 

.1901 

.0247 

.1081 

.1914 

.0260 

.1094 

.1927 

.0273 

.1107 

.1940 

.0286 

.1120 

.1953 

.0299 

.1133 

.1966 

.0312 

.1146 

.1979 

.0326 

.1159 

.1992 

.0339 

.1172 

.2005 

.0352 

.1185 

.2018 

.0365 

.1198 

.2031 

.0378 

.1211 

.2044 

.0391 

.1224 

.2057 

.0404 

.1237 

.2070 

.0417 

.1250 

.2083 

.0430 

.1263 

.2096 

.0443 

.1276 

.2109 

.0456 

.1289 

.2122 

.0469 

.1302 

.2135 

.0482 

.1315 

.2148 

.0495 

.1328 

.2161 

.0508 

.1341 

.2174 

.0521 

.1354 

.2188 

.0534 

.1367 

.2201 

.0547 

.1380 

.2214 

.0560 

.1393 

.2227 

.0573 

.1406 

.2240 

.0586 

.1419 

.2253 

.0599 

.1432 

.2266 

.0612 

.1445 

.2279 

.0625 

.1458 

.2292 


2721 
2 34 
,2747 
,2760 

.2773 

.2786 

,.2799 

.2812 

.2826 

.2839 

.2852 

.2865 

.2878 

.2891 

.2904 

.2917 

.2930 

.2943 

.2956 

.2969 

.2982 

.2995 

.3008 

.3021 

.3034 

.3047 

.3060 

.3073 

.3086 

.3099 

.3112 

.3125 


.3555 

.3568 

.3581 

.3594 

.3607 

.3620 

.3633 

.3646 

.3659 

.3672 

.3685 

.3698 


.4362 

4375 


.5195 .6029 
.5208 .6042 


.6745 

.6758 

.6771 

.6784 

.6797 

.6810 

.6823 

.6836 

.6849 

.6862 

.6875 


.4388 .5221 .6055 
.4401 
.4414 
.4427 


,4440 

.4453 

.4466 

.4479 

.4492 

.4505 

.4518 

.4531 


.3711 .4 544 
.3724 .4557 


.3737 

.3750 

.3763 

.3776 

.3789 

.3802 

.3815 

.3828 

.3841 

.3854 

.3867 

.3880 

.3893 

.3906 

.3919 

.3932 

.3945 

.3958 


.4570 

.4583 


5234 .6068 
.5247 .6081 
.5260 .6694 


. 5273'.6107 
.5286 .6120 
.5299 .6133 
.5312 .6146 

.5326 .6159 
.5339 .6172 
.5352 .6185 
.5365 .6198 

.537816211 


7513 

,7526 

.7539 

.7552 

.7565 

.7578 

.7591 

.7604 

.7617 

.7630 

.7643 

.7656 

.7669 

.7682 

.7695 

.7708 


.6888 .7721 
.6901 .7734 


.5391 

.5404 

.5417 


.4596 .5430 
. 46091.5443 
.4622 .5456 
.4635 .5469 


.4648 

.4661 

.4674 

.4688 

.4701 

.4714 

.4727 

.4740 

.4753 

.4766 

.4779 

.4792 


.5482 

.5495 

.5508 

.5521 

.5534 

.5547 

.5560 

.5573 

5586 

.5599 

.5612 

.5625 


.6224 

.6237 

.6250 

.6263 

.6276 

.6289 

.6302 

.6315 

.6328 

.6341 

.6354 

.6367 

.6380 

.6393 

.6406 

.6419 

.6432 

.6445 

.6458 


.6914 

.6927 

.6940 

.6953 

.6966 

.6979 

.6992 

.7105 

.7018 

.7031 

.7044 

.7057 

.7070 

.7083 

.7096 

.7109 

.7122 

.7135 

.7148 

.7161 

.7174 

.7188 

.7201 

.7214 

.7227 

.7240 

.7253 

.7266 

.7279 

.7292 


.7747 

.7760 

.7773 

.7786 

.7799 

.7812 

.7826 

.7839 

.7852 


.8346 

.8359 

.8372 

.8385 

.8398 

.8411 

.8424 

.8437 

.8451 

.8464 

.8477 

.8490 

.8503 

.8516 

.8529 

.8542 

.8555 

.8568 

.8581 

.8594 

.8607 

.8620 

.8633 

.8646 

.8659 

.8672 

.8685 


7865 .8698 .9531 


.7878 

.7891 

.7904 

.7917 

.7930 

.7943 

.7956 

.7969 

.7982 

.7995 

.8008 

.8021 

.8034 

.8047 

.8060 

.8073 

.8086 

.8099 

.8112 

.8125 


11 " 

.9167 

.9180 

.9193 

.9206 

.9219 

.9232 

.9245 

.9258 

.9271 

.9284 

.9297 

9310 

.9323 

.9336 

.9349 

.9362 

.9375 

.9388 

.9401 

.9414 

.9427 

.9440 

.9453 

.9466 

.9479 

.9492 

.9505 

.9518 


.8711 

.8724 

.8737 

.8750 

.8763 

.8776 

.8789 

.8802 

.8815 

.8828 

.8841 

.8854 

.8867 

.8880 

.8893 

.8906 

.8919 

.8932 

.8945 

.8958 


.9544 

.9557 

.9570 

.9583 

.9596 

.9609 

.9622 

.9635 

.9648 

.9661 

.9674 

.9688 

.9701 

.9714 

.9727 

.9740 

.9753 

.9766 

.9779 

.9792 





























































196 DECIMALS OF A FOOT FOR 64ths OF AN INCH. 


DECIMALS OF A FOOT FOR EACH A OF AN INCH—( Continued ). 


Inch. 

0" 

l" 

2" 

3" 

4" 

5" 

6" 


8 " 

9" 

10" 

11" 

4JL 

64 

.0638 

.1471 

.2305 

.3138 

.3971 

.4805 

.5638 

.6471 

.7305 

.8138 

.8971 

.9805 


.0651 

.1484 

.2318 

.3151 

.3984 

.4818 

.5651 

.6484 

.7318 

8151 

.8984 

.9818 


.0664 

.1497 

.2331 

.3164 

.3997 

.4831 

.5664 

.6497 

.7331 

.8164 

.8997 

.9831 

1_3 

16 

.0677 

.1510 

.2344 

.3177 

.4010 

.4844 

.5677 

.6510 

.7344 

.8177 

.9010 

.9844 

1L3 

64 

.0690 

.1523 

.2357 

.3190 

.4023 

.4857 

.5690 

.6523 

.7357 

.8190 

.9023 

.9857 


.0703 

.1536 

.2370 

.3203 

.4036 

.4870 

.5703 

.6536 

.7370 

.8203 

.9036 

.9870 

6 “t 

.0716 

.1549 

.2383 

.3216 

.4049 

.4883 

.5716 

.6549 

.7383 

.8216 

.9049 

.9883 

i 

.0729 

.1562 

.2396 

.3229 

.4062 

.4896 

.5729 

.6562 

.7396 

.8229 

.9062 

.9896 

& 

.0742 

.1576 

.2409 

.3242 

.4076 

.4909 

.5742 

.6576 

.7409 

.8242 

.9076 

.9909 

P 

.0755 

.1589 

.2422 

.3255 

.4089 

.4922 

.5755 

.6589 

.7422 

8255 

.9089 

.9922 

n 

.0768 

.1602 

.2435 

.3268 

.4102 

.4935 

.5768 

.6602 

.7435 

.8268 

.9102 

.9935 

1A 

16 

.0781 

.1615 

.2448 

.3231 

.4115 

.4948 

.5781 

.6615 

.7448 

.8281 

.9115 

.9948 

u 

.0794 

.1628 

.2461 

.3294 

.4128 

.4961 

.5794 

.6628 

.7461 

.8294 

.9128 

.9961 

31 

3 2 

.0807 

.1641 

.2474 

.3307 

.4141 

.4974 

.5807 

.6641 

.7474 

.8307 

.9141 

.9974 

If 

.0820 

.1654 

.2487 

.3320 

.4154 

.4987 

.5820 

.6654 

.7487 

.8320 

.9154 

.9987 

1 












1.0000 


DECIMALS OF AN INCH FOR EACH ^TH. 


Ads. 

Aths. 

Decimal. 

Frac¬ 

tion. 

Ads. 

Aths. 

Decimal. 

Frac¬ 

tion. 


1 

.015625 



33 

.515625 


1 

2 

.03125 


17 

34 

.53125 



3 

.046875 



35 

.546875 


2 

4 

.0625 

A 

18 

36 

. 5625 

A 


5 

.078125 



37 

.578125 


3 

6 

.09375 


19 

38 

.59375 



7 

.109375 



39 

.609375 


4 

8 

.125 

i 

JO 

40 

.625 

* 


9 

.140625 



41 

.640625 


5 

10 

.15625 


21 

42 

.65625 



11 

.171875 



43 

.671875 


6 

12 

.1875 

A 

22 

44 

.6875 

U 


13 

.203125 



45 

.703125 


7 

14 

.21875 


23 

46 

.71875 



15 

.234375 



47 

.734375 


8 

16 

.25 

I 

24 

48 

.75 

i 


17 

.265625 



49 

.765625 


9 

18 

.28125 


25 

50 

.78125 



19 

.296875 



51 

.796875 


10 

20 

.3125 

5 

16 

26 

52 

.8125 

a 


21 

.328125 



53 

.828125 


11 

22 

.34375 


27 

54 

.84375 



23 

.359375 



55 

.859375 


12 

24 

.375 

1 

28 

56 

.875 

i 


25 

.390625 



57 

.890625 


13 

26 

.40625 


29 

58 

.90625 



27 

.421875 



59 

.921875 


14 

28 

.4375 

A 

30 

60 

.9375 

if 


29 

.453125 



61 

.953125 


15 

30 

.46875 


31 

62 

.96875 



31 

.484375 



63 

.984375 


16 

32 

.5 

i 

32 

64 

1 . 

i 






































FIRST AID TO THE INJURED. 


197 


FIRST AID TO THE INJURED. 

USEFUL SUGGESTIONS IN CASES OF ACCIDENTS TO MECHANICS. 

Electric Shock. —The patient should be immediately placed 
in position for artificial respiration, preferably on a table with 
a cushion under his shoulders to elevate them slightly. Then 
bring his arms down until his hands rest on his chest, grasp 
his wrists and press firmly against the lower walls of the chest 
for a few seconds, then raise the arms outward and upward 
until the hands meet beyond the head, drawing firmly upward 
for a few seconds; repeat this procedure ten or fifteen times a 
minute. 

Bleeding. —If blood spurts from wound, an artery is divided; 
bind limb tightly above with India-rubber tubing, strap, hand¬ 
kerchief, or scarf, or bend the limb forcibly at next joint above 
wound, or press flat hand or stone where blood is flowing. If 
blood flows freely, but does not spurt, a vein is divided; then 
apply same measures as in case of wounded artery, but below 
the wound. If scalp is wounded make a pad of cloth or waste, 
and bandage very tightly over wound with folded pocket- 
handkerchief. 

Burns and Scalds. —Apply lint, cotton, wool, or waste soaked 
in oil and lime-water, and bind the same on with handkerchief. 
If necessary to remove clothes cut them off by running knife 
or scissors along seams. 

Broken Leg. —Pull on leg steadily and firmly until it is of 
same length as sound one. Roll up a coat or empty sack into 
form of a cushion, carefully place leg upon it, then bind the 
two together with scarfs or handkerchiefs. Do not lift patient 
from the ground until stretcher is close at hand. Take great 
pains, by careful lifting, to prevent broken bone coming through 
skin. 

Broken Thigh. —Take hold of ankle and, by steady traction, 
pull limb to same length as sound one; another person must then 
tie knees together, and afterward the ankles. Both limbs should 
then be laid over a sack of straw, or folded coat, so as to bend 
the knees. Patient should on no account be moved until 
ctretcher or cart is close at hand. 


198 


A FEW ODDS AND ENDS. 


Broken Arm. —Pull arm to length of sound one. Apply two 
splints, one outside and the other inside, binding them firmly 
on with pocket-handkerchiefs. The best splints are made by 
folding newspapers to necessary length, binding them above 
and below seat of fracture; anything hard and light, of suitable 
size, would act equally well; for instance, wood, pasteboard, 
twigs, leather, etc. 


A FEW ODDS AND ENDS FOR THE NOON-HOUR. 

A Very Deceptive Problem. —Cut a piece of paper 8 inches 
square, containing 64 square inches, to fill a space 5X13 inches 
and containing 65 square inches. 


«- 8 - 



«-3--> 

Fig. 104 



Fig 105. 

Cut the square piece of paper as shown by Fig. 104 and put 
together as shown by Fig. 105, it will then measure 5x 13 inches, 
but if the sides of the 13-inch figure are kept straight there 



















A FEW ODDS AND ENDS. 


199 


will be an opening in the centre as shown. This explains the 
extra inch. 

Which line is the longer, the horizontal or the perpendic¬ 
ular in Fig. 106? Speak quick. 


Fig. 106. 

To Cut a Block 12X12 Inches to Fill a Hole 9X16 Inches. 
—Cut as shown by Fig. 107 and put together as shown by Fig. 
108. 


<- 12 -- > 



Fig. 107. 


Fig 103 


Which is the greater distance, A to B or B to C, Fig. 109? 



Fig 109 





















200 


A FEW ODDS AND ENDS. 


Draw Fig. 110 without lifting the points of the pencil from 
the paper, making one continuous line. 



To Cut a Five-point Star at One Cut.—T ake a square 
piece of paper and fold it as shown by Fig. Ill, 1 to 5, the first 




Fig. 111-. 

fold is shown at 2, the second fold is shown at 3, etc., when 
folded cut on the line shown in 5. 






















A FEW ODDS AND ENDS. 


201 


The Leaking-ship Problem. —A ship at sea strikes a rock 
and knocks a hole in the bottom 8X15 inches. The ship’s 
carpenter has a piece of board 10X12 inches. How can he 
cut it to fill the hole? 

Cut it as shown by Fig. 112, and put together as shown by 
Fig. 113. 


<- 8' -=> 


«-40 2 -V 

f 





*eo 

\ 



\ 


\ 



\ 

>c 




\ 


\ 



N 


\ 



\ 


\ 



\ 


\ 

e 

i 

\ 


\ 

\ 



\ 

\ 

\ 

C* 

\ 



\ 


\ 



\ 


\ 



V 


\ 



1 \ 


\ % 



1 \ 


Fig. 112. 



Fig. 113 


Which of the horizontal lines in Fig. 114 is the longer? 






Fig. 114. 


Which of the lower diagonal lines in Fig. 115 is in line with 
the line above. 















202 


A FEW ODDS AND ENDS. 


Fig. 115, 



Are the horizontal lines in Fig. 116 parallel or not? 





Fig, 116. 

Which of the dotted lines in the cross is the longer? 



Fig. 117. 













HAMLET—FOR THE CARPENTER. 


203 



Which of the circular sections is the longer, lorB? 



■tt ronumm 


mmmm 


\N> 

✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ y 


* 


^ ^ S' 


***mHnmvunn 


Fig. 119. 

Are the heavy lines on Fig. 119 parallel ? 

HAMLET—FOR THE CARPENTER. 

To cut, or not to cut, that is the question. 
Whether ’tis not better in the end 
To let the chap who knows not the worth 
Have the work at cut-throat price, or, 

To take up arms against his competition, 

And, by opposing cut for cut, end it. 

To cut—and by cutting put the other cutter 
Out of business—’tis a consummation 
Devoutly to be wish’d. To cut—to slash— 
Perchance myself to get it in the neck— 

Ay, there’s the rub; for when one starts 
To meet the other fellow’s price, ’tis like as not 
He’ll find he’s up against it good and hard. 

To cut and slash is not to end the confusion, 
And the many evils the trade is pestered with; 
Nay, nay, Pauline; ’tis but the forerunner 
Of debt and mortgage such course portends. 
’Tis well to get the price the work is worth 
And not be bullied into doing it 
For what So-and-so will do it for. 

Methinks I’ll make the customer understand 
My work is It, the only It worth having; 

And, having him on the string, 









204 


HAMLET—FOR THE PAINTER. 


I’ll clinch the argument with fine specimens; 

Thus will I gather good business. 

Price-cutting doth appear unseemly, 

And fit only for the man who knows not 
What his work is worth, and who, ere long, 

By very stress of making vain comparison 
’Twixt bank account and liabilities, 

Will make his exit from the business. 

—Pock Products. 


HAMLET—FOR THE PAINTER. 

To paint, or not to paint, that is the question— 

Whether ’tis worthier in the mind to offer 
Thy home, a victim to the ravages of time. 

Or, to take precaution against the elements, 

And, by painting, save it? To beautify, to protect, 

To paint — and by painting to say we act 
With judgment, and halt the work of decay 
That buildings are heir to—’tis a consummation 
Devoutly to be wished. To save, to paint— 

To paint, perchance to get bad paint; ay, there’s the rub; 
For without good paint, what troubles may come 
When mysterious dope, gaudily labeled, is used, 

Must give us pause. That’s the outrageous stuff 
That makes calamity befall each careless 
New-fledged dabbler in colors, who belief lends 
To impure concoctions, untried experiments, 

Without white lead or linseed oil’s protection, 

And wastes precious time and money, as happens 
The worshipper of things cheap and infernally bad, 

When he himself might make his house to appear 
Like a castle with a coat of good paint; 

Who would grunt and sweat applying dope, 

And risk the numerous evils sure to follow 
The peeling off — the cracking and blistering, 

The deadened color and the lifeless paint, 

When strong, pure and lasting lead and oil paint 
Stands at his beck and call, good, unequaled. 

Mayhap ’tis lust for greed or trivial prejudice 
For some hoary paint, or imagination playing false 
That puzzles the will, and makes him rather stick, 

In lazy fashion, to the shoddy paints he’s had for years 
Than to wake up and seek the good in things. 

Thus judgment doth make wise men of us all; 

And thus our resolution doth proclaim, 

With strong cast of thought, that painting, 

An enterprise of great pith and moment, 

With this regard, is best accomplished 
By choosing the best paints and a good painter. 

— The Painters’ Magazine. 


WAGE-TABLE. 


205 


C 

d 

xn 

G 

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3 

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d 

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H o® 

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£ ® a 

CO ^ 

t- C 

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>;£ 

d © 

t*-. £ 

C . 
*-. 
*- d 
© o 

it 

3 o 
c ►> 

H-i t-l 

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T5 Cl 

.2 © 


d 

*H 


pH 


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£-G 
o -*-> 
, 

HO *H 

e © 
g-o 
e a 

i*-o <-H 

ft p 

h g 

^ 2 

p2 

c 


© 

J2 

to 

o 

Hi 

oc 

1C 

CO 

o 

00 

*o 

CO 

o 

00 

to 

CO 

o 

00 

kO 

CO 

o 

00 

to 

CO 

o 

oo 


co 

o 

Hi 

o 


CO 

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T“H 

tO 

00 

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CO 

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INDEX 


PAGE 

Abacus.. 23 

Adjust a level. 159 

Aid to injured. 197 

Ale measure. 180 

American flag, size of. . . 168 

Annulets. 23 

Angles of roofs... 147 

to lay out.. 71 

Apophyge. 23 

Apothecaries’ measure. 179 

weight. 179 

Arc of circle, to draw. .. 18, 19 

Arches: 

drop. 14 

flat-pointed. 13 

four-centre. 15 

Gothic. . . . . . . 13 

elliptical. 12 

lancet Gothic. . . 12-13 

of arcs of circles. 15 

similar to ellipse.. 16 

three-centre. 14 

Tudor. 15 

Architrave. 23 

Arch-lintel, to lay out . 22 

Area of circles. 142 

of polygons. 194 

Asbestos paper.. . 114 

Asphalt paper. 114 

Astragal. 23 

of sliding doors. 154 

Avoirdupois weight. 178 

Backing hip-rafters. 1 

for square roof. 1 

for octagon roof. 1 

table. 3§ 


209 






































210 


INDEX, 


PAGE 

Base moulding, nailing of. 157 

height of room. 155 

Beams, strength of 1 . 105 

of wooden. 100 

relative strength. 154 

Bedsteads, size of. 154 

Bells, weight of. 115 

Belting, power of. 164 

Bending lead pipes. 165 

moulding. 157 

wood strips. 162 

Bevelled siding on circle. 70 

Bevels: 

backing hips, table. 38 

cripple rafters. . .. 2 

for backing hip-rafters. 2 

hip-rafter.■. 2 

hoppers. 40 

of doors. 154 

of rafters, table. 37 

rafter. 2 

sheathing. 3 

Billiard-table, size of. 155 

Bleeding, aid for. 197 

Blending of colors. .. 175 

Blinds, grades of. 46 

Blocking for base. . . .. 64 

Board measure. 81 

Boat-spikes, size, etc. . . ,. 124 

Bowling-alley, size of. 155 

Boxes, size of. 160 

Braces, cut of. 6 

Bracket, ogee.. 8 

Brass, to clean. .. 164 

Bridging partitions. 156 

to cut. 67 

Broken arm, aid for. 198 

leg, aid for. 197 

thigh. 197 

Brush, to swell. 176 

Brushes, to clean. 175 

Building material, decay of. 73 

papers. 114 

to estimate height. 167 

Burns and scalds, aid for. 197 

Bushel, weight of. 185 

Butts, hand of. I 55 


Callarino. 23 

Camber of joist. 57 

Capacity of cisterns. I 35 




















































INDEX. 


211 


Capacity of tanks. 

Carpenter, days’ work for. 

Castings, paste for. 

shrinkage in. 

Cast-iron columns, strength of. 

Causes of poor painting,. 

Cavetto... . r . 

Cementing flaws in wood. 

Centre of circle. . .. 

Chairs, height of,. 

Chalk-line, size of. 

Channels, strength of... 

Chiffoniers, size of. 

Chimneys, soot-proof. 

Cincture. .. 

Circle: 

area of. 

circumference, to find. 

facia. 

mouldings. 

on circle heads. 

plancher. 

radius of heads. . .. 

to find. 

rules relative to. 

splayed jambs. 

to bend mouldings to. 

to draw through three points. 

Circular measure. 

saws, speed of. 

Cisterns, capacity of round. 

Clapboards, nails required for. 

Cleaning tracings. 

Coins, weight of. 

Color of hot metals. 

Colors, blending of. 

combination of. 

compound. 

harmony of. . . .. 

Columns, entasis of. 

strength of wooden. ..... 

of iron. 

working strength. 

Combination arch. . .. 

of colors. 

Common weights and measures. . .. 

Compound colors. 

Concave rafters. 

Concrete, weight of. 

Contents of excavations, table. 

of framing... 


PAGE 

. . 135 
. . 78 

. . 167 
. . 138 
. . 103 
. . 172 
. . 23 

. . 156 
. . 17 

. . 154 
. . 72 

. . 108 
.. 155 
. . 165 
. . 23 

. . 142 
. . 193 
6 

. . 10 
. . 20 
6 

19 . 157 
. . . 193 
. .. 193 
. . . 22 
. . . 15 

. . . 16 
... 181 
. . . 72 

. . . 135 
. . . 77 

. . . 167 
. . . 182 
. .. 137 
. . . 175 
... 169 
... 168 
... 170 
. . . 20 
. . . 101 
... 103 
... 134 
.. . 15 

... 169 
... 183 
... 168 
6 

.. . 117 
. . . 50 

. 44 




















































212 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

Convex rafters. 6 

Copper nails. 124 

to age. 153 

to clean. 152 

Corner blocks. 157 

Cornice. 23 

Corundum-wheels, sizes. 57 

Cripple-rafters, bevels for. 2 

for curve roof. 5 

lengths of. 2 

table of lengths,. 39 

template for. 70 

Crowds, weight of. 113 

Cubic foot of substances, weight of. 1 . 143 

measure. 178 

Cubical contents of excavations,. 50 

Curve approximating an ellipse. 21 

similar to ellipse. 16 

Cuts of Purlius. 2 

of rafters, table. 37 

of sheathing. 38 

Cymatium. 23 

Cyma-recta. 23 

Day’s work for carpenter. 78 

Decay of building material. 73 

Decimals of foot. 195 

of inch. 196 

Degrees, table and cuts of. 10 

Dentils, size of. 159 

Diameter of circle, to find. 17 

of pulleys. 164 

Dimensions of circles. 142 

of sinks. 77 

Dome-sheathing, perpendicular. 4 

Doors, grades of. 45 

stock sizes of. 45 

to fit. 154,157 

to swing. . 160 

Driving nails under water. I 57 

Drop-arch. 14 

Dry measure. 180 

Echinus. 23 

Elasticity of metals. I 3 O 

Electric shock, aid for. 197 

Ellipse, to draw with string. 21 

with square. 22 

Elliptical arch, joints in. 7 

Emery-wheels, sizes of. 57 

English wine measure. IgO 

Entablature.. 23 




















































INDEX. 


213 


PAGE 

Entasis of columns. 20 

Escutcheon pins, number per pound . 122 

Estimating height of buildings. 167 

Excavation tables. 50 


Facia. 

Facts about glue. 

Fastening for ledger-boards, 

Felt paper. 

Filing-saws. 

Filler, liquid. 

wood. 

Filling wax. 

Finished lumber, weight of. 

Flag, size of. 

Flagpole, to make. 

Flat-pointed arch. 

Flaws in wood, to cement. 

Floor-bridging, to cut. 

Flooring, nails required for. 
Flour barrel, size of. ..... . 
Flux for soldering zinc . . . 

Foot, decimals of. 

Force of wind. 

Four-centre arch. 

Framing, nails required for, 

French land measure. 

Frieze. 

Furring for base. 

nails required for. . 


23 

161 

66 

114 

160 

176 

175 

165 

116 

168 

66 

13 

156 

67 

78 

160 

165 

195 

137 

15 

78 

184 

23 

64 

78 


Gambrel roof, to lay out.. . 

Gauge, improved. 

Glass, lights per box. 

measurement. 

to remove. 

weight of rough. 

Glue. 

strength of joint. 

Gothic arch. 

elliptical arch. 

Grade of corundum-wheels, 
of emery-wheels. . . 
Grades of sash, doors, etc. 

Granite, to clean. 

strength of. 

wax for. .. 

Grease, to remove. 

Grounds around openings. 
Gutters, size of. 


.. . 19 

... 159 
... 140 
... 139 
... 153 
... 136 
. . . 161 
. . . 161 
. . . 13 

. . . 12 
. . . 58 

. . . 58 

. . . 45 

... 152 
130,132 
... 165 
. .. 167 
... 65 

... 158 


















































214 


INDEX, 


Hamlet for the carpenter. . . 

for the painter. 

Hand of butts. 

of lavatory doors. 

of stairway. 

Hand-rail, height of. 

Hand-saw, to file. 

Harmony of colors. 

Height of: 

base in rooms. 

chairs. 

chair-rail. 

hand-rail. 

horse-troughs. 

tall structures. 

wardrobe shelves. . 

Hexagon bay. 

Hinge, to stop creaking. 

Hinges, to lead. 

to mark for. 

Hip-rafters, bevel for backing 
for curve roof. . . 

lengths of. 

table of lengths. . 

Hoisting rope. 

sizes of. 

Hole for stove-pipe. 

Hopper bevels, table of. 

Horse-stalls, size of. 

Horse-troughs, height of. 


PAGE 

. 203 
, 204 
. 155 
. 74 
. 156 
. 69 
. 73 
. 170 

, 155 
. 154 
. 155 
. 69 
. 155 
. 149 
. 156 
7 

154 
, 165 
. 71 
1 
6 
2 

, 25 
. 126 
. 119 
. 10 
. 40 
. 155 
. 155 


Improssion-wax. 

Inch, decimals of. 

Increase of strength of timber. 

Injured, aid to. 

Ink for zinc. 

Inlaying glue. 

Inside dimensions. 

Iron sash-weights, weight of. . 
Iron, to distinguish. 


166 

196 

159 

197 
158 
162 

160 
113 
165 


Joints for splicing timber, 
in elliptical arch. . . 

J oist: 

camber of. 

contents of framing, 
hangers, size of. . . 

safe loads on. 

tables of strength. . 
Jury-mast knot, to tie. .. . 


11 

7 

57 

44 

87 

100 

87 

61 


Kerfing moulding. 


15 

















































INDEX. 


215 


PAGE 

Keys, to fit. 159 

Knots for sash-weights. 63 

Labelling paste. 175 

Lag-bolts, size of. 125 

strength of. 125 

Lancet Gothic arch. 12, 13 

Land measure.. 178 

U. S. 184 

Lath, nails required for. 77 

spacing for slate and shingles. 156 

Lavatory doors, hand of. 74 

Laying out: 

angles. 71 

arc, with frame. 19 

by figures. 19 

by intersecting lines. 18 

arch lintel. 21 

backing for hip-rafters.. 1 

for octagon hips. 1 

bevel of doors. 154 

bevelled siding for circle. 70 

brace cuts. 6 

centre of circle. 17 

circle and straight moulding. 10 

in three points. 16 

on circle heads. 20 

concave roof. 6 

convex roof. 6 

cripple-rafters. 2 

in curve roof. . .. 5 

curve approximating ellipse. 21 

cuts for sheathing. 3 

degrees with square. 10 

dentils. 159 

diameter of arc. 17 

diamond shingle. 21 

dome-sheathing, horizontal. 4 

perpendicular. 4 

ellipse. 22 

entasis of column. 20 

flagpole. .. 66 

floor bridging. 67 

gambrel roof.*. 19 

hexagon bay. 7 

hip-rafters. 1 

hole for stove-pipe. 1° 

joints in elliptical arch. 7 

Mansard roof. 19 

mast. 66 

mitres with square. 19 



















































216 INDEX. 

Laying out: page 

octagon bay. 7 

shingle. 21 

ogee bracket.*. ^ 

plancher in conical roof. 6 

polygon. 21 

privy-seat. 9 

purlin cuts. 2 

radius of arc. 17 

rake-moulding. 4 

sheathing-cuts. 3 

shingles for hips. 68 

side of octagon. 157 

timber joints. 11 

veneers for splayed work. 21 

ventilating-hole for privy-door. 9 

winding stair-treads.. 21 

Laying out arches: 

arch of arcs of circles. 15 

similar to ellipse. 16 

drop-arch. 14 

flat-pointed arch. 13 

four-centre arch. 15 

Gothic arch. 13 

elliptical arch. . .. 12 

lancet Gothic arch. 12, 13 

three-centre arch. 14 

Tudor arch. 15 

Lead pipes, to bend. 165 

sash-weights. 114 

size of sheet. 112 

thickness of sheet. 112 

weight per cubic foot. 145 

Ledger-boards, fastening for. 66 

Length of: 

cripple-rafters, table. ,. 39 

hexagon bay. 7 

octagon bay. 7 

rafters. 2 

rule for..*. 70 

table. 25 

to each foot-run. .. 37 

to get. 65 

sides of octagon. 59 

stair-well. 43 

Level lines. 11 

to adjust. 159 

Lever, power of. 158 

Lights of glass per box. 140 

Linear measure. 177 

Liquid filler. . .. 176 

measure. 179 



















































INDEX, 


217 


PAGE 

Load on roofs. 148 

Lubricating-oil. 167 

Lumber measure. 81 

in various framing. 44 

pieces per thousand feet. 118 

weight of. 115, 117 


Manila rope. 

Mansard, to lay out. 

Mantels, to hang. 

Marble, to clean. 

Marking gauge. 

hinges. 

tools. 

Marquetry wood-stains. 

Masonry, working strength. 

Materials, strength of. 

weight of. 

Measure of time. 

Measurement of glass. .. 

Melting-point of metals. 

Mensuration tables: 

ale or beer.. 

apothecaries’. 

avoirdupois. 

bushel. 

circular. 

coin. 

common. 

cubic. 

dry. 

English wine. 

French land. 

land. 

linear. .. 

liquid. 

miles. 

miscellaneous. 

Philippines, weights and measrues used in 

Spanish land. 

square. 

surveyors’ square... 

long. 

time. 

troy. 

U. S. land. 

value. 




Mesh of sieves. 

Metal, relative weights. . 

weight of. 

Metals, melting-point of. 


128 

19 

69 

152 

159 

71 

158 

162 

133 

129 

146 

181 

139 

137 

180 

179 
178 
185 
181 
182 

183 
178 

180 
180 

184 

178 
177 

179 
182 

183 

185 

184 
177 

180 
181 
181 
181 
184 
182 

57 

44 

138 
137 



















































218 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

Metals, strength of. 129 

to clean. 166 

Metric equivalents of measure. 183 

Miles, length of different. 182 

Miscellaneous weights. 183 

Mitres on square. 10 

Modelling clay, to make. 153 

Money value. 182 

Moulders’ table. .. 138 

Moulding, kerfing of. 15 

to bend. 157 

to lay out rake. 4 

Mouldings, nailing in doors. 156 

Moulds for plaster casts. 166 

Nailing base-mould. . . >. 157 

bridging. . . .. 160 

in hard woods. 158 

moulding in door-panels. 156 

Nails required for work. 77 

size, etc. 123 

Names of parts of column. 23 

Noon-hour pastime. 198 

Notes on roofs. 147 

Number of screws. . .. 123 

of studs required. 43 

Octagon: 

area of. 194 

backing hips for. 1 

bevels for backing hips. 38 

cuts for sheathing.. 38 

length of side. 8, 157 

reduce square stick to. 4 

scale on square.. 75 

table of sides. 59 

to lay out bay. 7 

Odds and ends. 198 

Ogee bracket. 8 

Oil for oil-stones. 8 

Ovolo. 23 

Paint for roofs .. 160 

for shingles. 165 

for smoke-stacks. 176 

to dry. 176 

to remove. .. 153 

Painting: 

blending of colors. 175 

brushes, to clean. 175 

causes of poor. 172 

combination of colors. 169 

















































INDEX, 


219 


compound colors. 269 

contrast in colors. 270 

data for,. 267 

harmony in colors. 270 

suitable colors. 273 

things to remember about. 272 

to clean. 253 

to swell brushes. 276 

trimmings for. 273 

wood-fillers. 275 

Painting galvanized iron. 276 

Paper to paper room. 271 

under tin. 266 

Partitions, bridging of. 256 

Paste for iron. 258 

for papering. 275 

for tin.•. 275 

that will not sour. < . 276 

Pastime for the noon hour. 298 

Pattern-makers’ table. 2,38 

Penny as applied to nails. 258 

Perch, cubic feet in. , . 278 

Philippines, weights and measures of. . . 185 

Pianos, size of. 155 

Pillars, strength of wooden. 101 

Pitch of roofs. 164 

Plancher for conical roof. 6 

Plank measure. . . 82 

Plaster-cast moulds. 166 

Plaster casts, to toughen. 165 

Plinth. 23 

Plumb-lines. 11 

Polygon, to draw. 21 

Polygons, area, etc., of. 194 

Posts, strength of wooden. 101 

Power of belting. 164 

of lever. .. 158 

of pulleys.:.. 158 

Privy-seat, to lay out.. 9 

Privy-seats, height of. 167 

Pulleys, power of. 158 

speed of. 72 

Purlins, cuts of. 2 

Putty for castings. 167 

Radius of circle, to find.17, 18 

of door-heads. 157 

Rafters: 

backing hip. 1 

bevels for backing, table. 38 

of cripples. 2 



















































220 


INDEX, 


Rafters: 

board measure per square, 

cripples, cuts of. 

for curve roof. . .. 

hips for curve roof. 

length to each foot-run.. . 

lengths of cripples. 

marking cripples. 

number to given run. 

table of cuts and bevels. . 

of lengths. 

template for cutting. 

to find lengths of. 

valleys for curve roof. .. . 

Rake-moulding, to lay out. 

Reduce square stick to octagon.. . 
Reductions for cores in castings . . 

Relative strength of timber. 

Resilience of timber. 

Rise and tread of stairs. 

Rivets, weight of tinners. 

number per pound. 

Roof paint. 

Roofs, angles of. 

load on. 

notes on. 

pitch of. 

surface. 

Rope, Manila. . .. 

hoisting. 

moulding. 

wire. 

Rosin-sized paper. 

Rules relative to the circle. .. 

Rust stains, to remove. 


PAGE 

. 44 
2 

5 

6 

. 37 
. 39 
. 70 
. 43 
. 37 
. 25 
. 70 
. 70 
6 
4 
4 

. 138 
. 154 
. 159 
. 40 
. 115 
. 122 
. 160 
. 147 
. 148 
.,147 
. 164 
. 39 
. 128 
. 119 
. 155 
. 126 
. 114 
. 193 
. 154 


Sash-balances, size, etc. 

Sash-chain, strength, etc.. . . 

Sash-cord, wire. 

Sash-cords, weight, etc. 

Sash, grades of. 

Sash-lifts, to mortise for. . . . 

Sash, weight of. 

Sash-weights, weight of lead 
of iron. 

Saw, to file. 

Scantling measure. 

Scotia. 

Screws, size, etc. 

Seasoning of timber. 

Setting door-jambs. 

window-frames. 


. . 121 
. . 120 
. . 128 
.. 119 
. . 45 

. . 70 

, . . 47 

, . . 114 
. .. 113 
73, 160 
. . . 82 
.. . 23 

... 123 
... 159 
... 156 
. . . 70 




















































INDEX. 


221 


Shearing strength of metals. 

Sheathing, bevels of. 

cuts for..'. 

on domes. 

paper. 

paper back of frames, 

Sheet glass, size made. 

lead, weight, etc. 

Shelves, height of. 

Shingles, nails required. 

on hips. 

to lay out octagon, 
to lay out diamond. . . 

paint for. 

required for roof. 

staging for. 

Shingling hips and valleys. 

staging for. 

Shipping weight of sash, etc.. . . 

Shrinkage in castings. 

of timber. 

Side of octagon, to find. 

Siding circular walls. 

nails required for. 

Sieves, mesh of. 

Sinks, size of. 

Size of: 

bedsteads. 

bells. 

billiard-tables. 

bowling-alley. 

boxes. 

cast-iron sash-weights. . 

chalk-lines. 

cisterns. 

dentils. 

doors. 

emery-wheels. 

flour barrel. 

gutters. 

horse-stalls. 

joist-hangers. 

lag-bolts. 

lead sash-weights. 

nails. *» . 

pianos. 

sash. 

sash-balances. 

sash-chains. 

sash-cord. 

(screws., .. 


PAGE 
. 130 

3 

. 38 

4 

. 114 
. 160 
. 139 
. 112 
. 156 
. 77 

. 68 
. 22 
. 22 
. 165 
. 39 

. 67 

. 68 
. 67 

. 118 
. 138 
. 102 
. 157 
. 70 

. 78 

. 57 

. 77 

. 154 
. 115 
. 155 
, . 155 
. . 160 
.. 113 
. . 72 

.. 135 
. . 159 
. . 45 

. . 57 

. . 160 
. . 158 
. . 155 
. . 87 

. . 125 
. . 114 
. . 123 
. . 155 
. . 47 

. . 121 
. . 120 
. . 119 
. . 123 




















































222 


INDEX. 


Size of: 

sinks. 

stair-well. 

tanks. 

water-closet tanks. 

Slate, nails required for. 

Slating nails... 

Smoke-stacks, varnish for. 

Soil-pipe, weight, etc. 

Soldering zinc. . .. 

Soot-proof chimneys. 

Soundness of timber. . .. 

Spanish land measure. 

Specific gra vity of materials. .. 

Speed of circular saws. 

of emery-wheels. 

of pulleys. 

Spikes, size, etc. 

Squares in roof. 

to approximate. 

Square measure. 

explanation of the steel. 

Staging for shingling. 

Stair-plates, weight, etc. 

Stairs, to lay out winding. 

winding. 

Stairway, hand of. 

Starch-filler. 

Steel square. 

to distinguish. 

Step-ladders, to make. 

Stock sizes of doors. 

Stop-knot, to tie. 

Stovepipe hole. 

Strength of: 

cast-iron columns. 

channels. 

glue joint. 

I beams. 

joist. 

lag-bolts. 

Manila rope. .. 

materials. 

metals. 

relative strength of timber. 

resilience of timber. 

sash-balances. 

sash-chain. 

sash-cord. 

steel rope. 

stone. 

various woods, ., 


PAGE 

. 77 
. 43 
. 136 
. 75 
. 78 
124 
175 
112 
165 
165 
157 
184 
143 
72 
57 
72 
123 
1 
70 
177 
75 
67 
122 
23 
22 
156 
175 
75 
165 
159 
45 
63 
10 

103 

108 

161 

105 

87 

125 

128 

129 

129 

154 

159 

121 

120 

119 

127 

129 

m 




















































INDEX. 


223 


Strength of: page 

wire hoisting-rope. 126 

sash-cord. 128 

wooden beams. 100 

posts. 101 

working strength of materials. 131 

Studs, number required. 43 

to cut. 70 

Subplinth. 23 

Substances, weight of. 143 

Surface measure. 177 

Surveyors’ measure, square. 180 

long. 181 

Swelling new paint-brush. . .. 176 

Swing-door. 160 

Tables of: 

angles. 71 

area of circles. 142 

bevels for backing hips. 38 

board measure. 81 

capacity of cisterns... 135 

of tanks. 136 

cast-iron columns. 103 

columns, strength of. 134 

contents of boxes... 160 

of framing. 44 

cuts and bevels of rafters. 37 

for sheathing. 38 

decay of materials. 73 

decimals of inch. 196 

of foot. 195 

degrees. 10 

emery-wheels. 57 

excavations. .. 50 

glass measurement. 139 

height of buildings. 149 

hopper-bevels. . .. 40 

iron sash-weights. 113 

lead sash-weights. 114 

lengths of cripples. 39 

of rafters. 37 

materials, strength of. 129 

plank measure. 82 

rafter lengths. 25 

roof coverings. 148 

safe load for posts. 101 

safe loads for beams. 100 

scantling measure. 82 

shingles required for roof. 39 

sides of octagon bays. 59 

sinks, size of.,......... r . 77 




















































224 


INDEX. 


Tables of : page 

size, etc., of belis. 115 

size, etc., of sash. 47 

sizes of doors. 45 

soil-pipe. 112 

speed of circular saws. 72 

stair-well lengths. 43 

strength, etc., of woods. Ill 

strength of channels. 109 

of hois ting-rope. 126 

of I beams. 105 

of joist. 89 

studs and joist. 43 

temperatures. 58 

timber measure. 85 

treads and rises. 41 

wages. 205 

weight of bushel. 187 

weigtits of lumber. 116 

of metals. 44 

of substances. 143 

working strength of materials. I3I 

Tacks, size, etc. 123 

Tall structures. 149 

Tanks, capacity of. I35 

Tar-paper. 114 

Temperature of hot metals. I37 

Temperatures. 58 

Template for cutting rafters. 70 

Tenia. 23 

Test for sewer-gas. 152 

The steel square. 75 

Things to remember about painting. 172 

Three-centre arch. 14 

Thresholds, to mark. 69 

Timber: 

contents, board measure. 85 

joints in. H 

measure. 85 

relative strength of. I54 

shrinkage of. 102 

soundness of. I57 

to reduce to octagon. 4 

to sling. 60 

Time measure. 181 

Tinners’ rivets. 115 

To clean paint. 153 

To cut stick square. I57 

To cut stick at angle of 45 °. 157 

To fit doors. I57 

To hang mantels. 69 

To shorten rope without cutting.. 60 




















































INDEX, 


225 


To sling a barrel. 

To sling a column. 

To sling a pole or timber. . 
To sling plank edgewise. . . 
To sling plank for staging. 

Tools, to mark. 

Torus. 

Tracings, to clean. 

Tread and rise of stairs. .. 

Trestles, to make. 

Trim, nails required for. . . 
Trimmings for painting.. . 
Troy weight. 


PAGE 
. 60 
. 60 
. 60 
. 60 
. 63 

. 158 
. 23 

. 167 
. 40 

. 159 
. 78 

. 173 
. 181 


U. S. land measure, 


184 


Varnish for smoke-stacks. . . . . 

for patterns. 

to remove water from, 

Veneering-glue. 

Ventilating-hole in privy-door. 


175 

165 

175 

162 

9 


Wage table. 

Wardrobe shelves, height of. 

Washing paint. 

Wash-stands, height of. 

Wash-tubs, height of. 

Water, specific gravity. 

to keep from freezing. 

to remove from varnish. 

weight of. 

Water-closet tanks, size of. 

Wax, impression. 

Weight of: 

bells. 

bushel. 

commercial measure. 

concrete materials. 

crowds. 

cubic foot of substances. 

different materials per barrel. 

escutcheon pins. 

finished lumber. 

hoisting-rope. 

iron sash-weights. 

lead sash-weights. 

lumber. 

Manila rope. 

metaLs, relative. 

nails. 

rivets. 


205 

156 

176 

154 

167 

143 

167 

175 

146 

75 

166 

115 
185 
178 
117 
113 
143 
146 
122 

116 
126 
113 

, 114 
115 
. 128 
. 44 
. 123 
. 122 


i 

















































226 


INDEX, 


Weight of: page 

roof coverings. 147 

sash. 47 

sash-chain. 120 

sash-cords. 119 

sheet lead. 112 

shipping of sash and doors. 118 

soil-pipe and fittings. 112 

spikes. 123 

stair-plates. 122 

various materials. 143 

woods. Ill 

Well of stairs, length of. 43 

Whitewash, to make. 154 

Wind, force of. 137 

Winding stairs. 22 

Window-frames, to set. 70 

Windows, grades of. 46 

Wine measure. 179 

Wire rope, strength, etc. 126 

sash-cord. 128 

Wood, shrinkage of. 102 

strength of. ’ . Ill 

weight of. Ill 

W’ooden beams, strength of. 100 

pillars, strength of. 101 

Wood-stains. 162 

Woods, strength, weight, etc. Ill 

Wood strips, to bend. 162 

Working strength of materials. 131 


Zinc, to write on, 


158 






























































SEP 25 1906 


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1 









































TIME-BOOK 

OF 


EMPLOYED BY 


Copyrighted, 1906 
By H. G. Richey 


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Time Card of _ ____ 

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Overtime. 

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For Week ending — .-. 190 


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Time Card of. 


For Week ending ..... 190 


Monday 

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Straight time__hours, at..........cts, per hour 

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MEMORANDA 





Time Card of. 


For Week ending.. . 190 


Monday 

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Straight time.hours, at...cts. per hour. 

Overtime. “ “. “ “ “ 

Sunday. “ “. “ “ “ 


Total. 


cts. 


Time Card of. 

For Week ending.. 


.190 


Monday 

Tuesday 

Wednesday 

Thursday 

Friday 

Saturday 

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hrs. 

hrs. 

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Straight time 

Overtime. 

Sunday . 


.hours, at...cts. per hour. 


U U 

Total. 


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Time Card of.. 

For Week ending. 


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Straight time.hours, at__cts. per hour, 

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MEMORANDA 




Time Card of 


For Week ending . 190 


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Time Card of_ 







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. 190 

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Friday 

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. .190 

Monday 

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Time Card of 


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Thursday 

Friday 

Saturday 

hrs. 

hrs. 

hrs. 

hrs. 

hrs. 

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Overtime. “ “. “ “ “ . 

Sunday -. “ “. “ “ “ ,. 

Total. $ 


Time Card of 


For Week ending 190 


Monday 

Tuesday 

Wednesday 

Thursday 

Friday 

Saturday 

hrs. 

hrs. 

hrs. 

hrs. 

hrs. 

hrs. 


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Straight time hours, at.. cts. per hour. 

Overtime.......... “ “.“ “ “ . 

Sunday ... “ “. “ “ “ . 

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For Week ending.. ...-/90 


Monday 

Tuesday 

Wednesday 

Thursday 

Friday 

Saturday 

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. 190 

Monday 

Tuesday 

Wednesday 

Thursday 

Friday 

Saturday 

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hrs. 

hrs. 

hrs. 

_ 

hrs. 


Straight time .hours, at.cts. per hour 

Overtime . “ “. “ u “ 


Sunday .-. “ “.—- “ “ ‘ . 

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For IVeek ending. . 190 


Monday 

Tuesday 

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Saturday 

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Straight time.hours, at. 

Overtime. “ “~ 

Sunday. “ “~ 


,cts. per hour. 


Total. 


cts. 


Time Card of. 

For IVeek ending. 


.190 


Monday 

Tuesday | 

Wednesday 

Thursday 

Friday 

Saturday 

hrs. 

hrs.| 

hrs. 

hrs. 

hrs. 

hrs. 


Straight time.hours, at. 

Overtime_ “ “~ 

Sunday v - “ 


.cts. per hour. 
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Time Card of. 

For IVeek ending. 


190 


Monday 

Tuesday 

1 Wednesday 

Thursday 

Friday 

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Monday 

Tuesday 

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